新華(hua)社北京12月4日(ri)電 國務院新聞辦(ban)公室4日(ri)發表《中國的民主》白皮書(shu)。全文(wen)如下:
中國的民主
(2021年12月)
中華人民共和國
國務(wu)院新(xin)聞辦(ban)公室
目錄
前言
一、中國共產黨領導(dao)人民實現全(quan)過程人民民主
二、具(ju)有科學有效的制度安排
(一)實(shi)行人民民主(zhu)專政的國體
(二(er))實行人民代表大(da)會制度的政(zheng)體
(三)堅持和(he)(he)完善中國共(gong)產黨領導(dao)的多(duo)黨合作(zuo)和(he)(he)政治協商制度
(四(si))鞏(gong)固和發展(zhan)最廣泛(fan)的愛(ai)國統一戰線
(五)堅持和完(wan)善民族區域自(zi)治制度
(六)堅持(chi)和完善基層群眾(zhong)自治制度
三、具(ju)有(you)具(ju)體現(xian)實(shi)的民(min)主實(shi)踐
(一)民主選舉
(二)民主協商
(三)民主決策
(四)民主管理
(五)民主監督
四、廣泛真實管(guan)用的民主(zhu)
(一)人民(min)享(xiang)有廣泛權利
(二)人民民主參與不斷(duan)擴大
(三)國(guo)家治理高效
(四)社會和諧(xie)穩定(ding)
(五)權力運用得到有效制約和監督(du)
五、豐(feng)富人類(lei)政治文明形態
(一)為(wei)人類民(min)主事(shi)業發展探(tan)索新的路(lu)徑
(二)走符合國情的民主發展道路
(三)推動國際關系民(min)主化
(四)加強文明交流(liu)互(hu)鑒
結束語
前言
民主(zhu)是全人(ren)類的共(gong)(gong)同價值,是中國(guo)共(gong)(gong)產黨和中國(guo)人(ren)民始終不(bu)渝(yu)堅持(chi)的重要理念。
今(jin)年是中國(guo)(guo)共產黨成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)100周年。100年前,中國(guo)(guo)共產黨一經誕生(sheng),就(jiu)把(ba)為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)謀(mou)幸(xing)福、為(wei)中華民(min)(min)(min)族謀(mou)復興(xing)確立(li)為(wei)自(zi)己(ji)的初心(xin)和使(shi)命,為(wei)實現人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)當家作(zuo)主進行(xing)了不懈探索和奮斗。100年來,黨高舉人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主旗(qi)幟,領導人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)一個有(you)幾(ji)千年封建(jian)(jian)社(she)(she)會(hui)歷史、近代成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)半殖(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)地(di)半封建(jian)(jian)社(she)(she)會(hui)的國(guo)(guo)家實現了人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)當家作(zuo)主,中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)真正成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家、社(she)(she)會(hui)和自(zi)己(ji)命運(yun)的主人(ren)(ren)。
中國的民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),人民(min)(min)當家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是中國民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的本質(zhi)和核心。黨的十八大(da)以來,黨深(shen)化(hua)對中國民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政治發展規律的認識,提出全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)重大(da)理念并(bing)大(da)力推進(jin),民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)價值和理念進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)轉化(hua)為科學有效的制(zhi)度安排和具體現實(shi)的民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)實(shi)踐。全(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),實(shi)現了過程(cheng)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和成果民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、程(cheng)序民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和實(shi)質(zhi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、直(zhi)接民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和間接民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和國家意志相統一(yi),是全(quan)(quan)鏈條(tiao)、全(quan)(quan)方位、全(quan)(quan)覆蓋的民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),是最廣(guang)泛、最真實(shi)、最管用的社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。
民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)歷(li)史的(de)(de)、具(ju)體的(de)(de)、發展的(de)(de),各國(guo)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)植(zhi)根于(yu)本國(guo)的(de)(de)歷(li)史文化(hua)傳(chuan)統,成長于(yu)本國(guo)人(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)探索和(he)(he)智慧創造(zao),民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)道路不同,民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形態各異。評價一個國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)治制(zhi)度是(shi)不是(shi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)、有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)看國(guo)家(jia)領導(dao)層(ceng)能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)依法有(you)序更替,全體人(ren)民(min)能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)依法管理(li)國(guo)家(jia)事(shi)務和(he)(he)社會(hui)事(shi)務、管理(li)經濟(ji)和(he)(he)文化(hua)事(shi)業,人(ren)民(min)群(qun)眾能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)暢(chang)通(tong)表達利(li)益要(yao)求,社會(hui)各方(fang)面能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)有(you)效(xiao)參(can)與國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)治生活,國(guo)家(jia)決策能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)實(shi)現科(ke)學(xue)化(hua)、民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)化(hua),各方(fang)面人(ren)才能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)通(tong)過公(gong)平競(jing)爭進入(ru)國(guo)家(jia)領導(dao)和(he)(he)管理(li)體系(xi),執政(zheng)黨能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)依照憲(xian)法法律規定實(shi)現對(dui)國(guo)家(jia)事(shi)務的(de)(de)領導(dao),權(quan)力運(yun)用能(neng)(neng)否(fou)(fou)得到(dao)有(you)效(xiao)制(zhi)約和(he)(he)監(jian)督。
民(min)主(zhu)不是(shi)裝飾品,不是(shi)用(yong)來(lai)做(zuo)擺設的,而是(shi)要(yao)用(yong)來(lai)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)人民(min)需要(yao)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)(jue)的問題(ti)的。一個國家民(min)主(zhu)不民(min)主(zhu),關鍵在于是(shi)不是(shi)真正做(zuo)到(dao)了(le)人民(min)當家作主(zhu),要(yao)看(kan)(kan)人民(min)有沒有投票(piao)權,更(geng)要(yao)看(kan)(kan)人民(min)有沒有廣泛參(can)與權;要(yao)看(kan)(kan)人民(min)在選(xuan)舉過程(cheng)(cheng)中得(de)到(dao)了(le)什(shen)么(me)口頭許諾(nuo),更(geng)要(yao)看(kan)(kan)選(xuan)舉后這些承諾(nuo)實現了(le)多(duo)少;要(yao)看(kan)(kan)制度和(he)法律規(gui)定了(le)什(shen)么(me)樣的政治程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)和(he)政治規(gui)則,更(geng)要(yao)看(kan)(kan)這些制度和(he)法律是(shi)不是(shi)真正得(de)到(dao)了(le)執行(xing);要(yao)看(kan)(kan)權力運(yun)行(xing)規(gui)則和(he)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)是(shi)否民(min)主(zhu),更(geng)要(yao)看(kan)(kan)權力是(shi)否真正受到(dao)人民(min)監(jian)督和(he)制約。
民(min)(min)主是各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)權(quan)利,而(er)不(bu)(bu)是少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)利。一個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)是不(bu)(bu)是民(min)(min)主,應(ying)該(gai)(gai)由這個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)來評(ping)(ping)(ping)判(pan)(pan),而(er)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)由外部(bu)少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)人(ren)(ren)指手畫腳來評(ping)(ping)(ping)判(pan)(pan)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際社會哪個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)是不(bu)(bu)是民(min)(min)主的(de)(de),應(ying)該(gai)(gai)由國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際社會共(gong)同(tong)來評(ping)(ping)(ping)判(pan)(pan),而(er)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)該(gai)(gai)由自(zi)以為是的(de)(de)少(shao)(shao)(shao)數(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)來評(ping)(ping)(ping)判(pan)(pan)。實現民(min)(min)主有(you)多(duo)種方(fang)式,不(bu)(bu)可能千篇一律。用單一的(de)(de)標尺(chi)衡量世界豐富(fu)多(duo)彩(cai)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)制度,用單調的(de)(de)眼光審視人(ren)(ren)類五彩(cai)繽紛的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)文明,本身就是不(bu)(bu)民(min)(min)主的(de)(de)。
民主是(shi)多樣的(de),世界是(shi)多彩的(de)。在世界文明的(de)百花園里(li),中國(guo)的(de)民主之花絢麗綻放。中國(guo)愿與各國(guo)交流互鑒(jian)、攜手(shou)合作,為人類政(zheng)治文明發展進步貢獻智慧和力量。
一、中國共產黨領導人民實現全過程人民民主
中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族是(shi)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)悠久、勤勞(lao)智慧的(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族,創造了(le)輝(hui)煌燦爛的(de)政治(zhi)文(wen)明。在5000多年歷(li)史(shi)(shi)長河中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)探索形成的(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)本思想,蘊含著豐富的(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主因素,體現了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)對民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)樸素認知和不懈追求。但(dan)是(shi),在封建(jian)專制(zhi)(zhi)之下,廣大勞(lao)動人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)始終處于受壓(ya)迫受剝削的(de)最底層。近(jin)代以(yi)(yi)后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)逐步成為(wei)半殖民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)地半封建(jian)社會,國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)將傾,民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族將亡,人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)毫(hao)無民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主可言(yan)。為(wei)救亡圖存,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)奮起抗爭,各種革命變革接連(lian)而起,各種救國(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)案輪番(fan)出臺(tai),但(dan)都(dou)(dou)未能取得成功。辛(xin)亥革命后(hou),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)模(mo)仿議會制(zhi)(zhi)、多黨制(zhi)(zhi)、總統制(zhi)(zhi)等西(xi)方(fang)政治(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度模(mo)式的(de)各種嘗試都(dou)(dou)以(yi)(yi)失敗告(gao)終。以(yi)(yi)“民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主”“科學”為(wei)基本口號的(de)新文(wen)化(hua)運(yun)動的(de)興起,俄國(guo)(guo)(guo)十月革命的(de)勝利,五四運(yun)動的(de)爆發,馬克(ke)思主義在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)傳播,促進了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)偉大覺醒,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)先進分子對民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主有了(le)更加深刻的(de)思考和新的(de)認知。
1921年,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)成立(li),點亮(liang)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)光(guang)。新(xin)(xin)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)時期,黨(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)為爭(zheng)取民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、反(fan)抗壓迫和(he)(he)剝削進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)艱苦卓絕斗爭(zheng),取得新(xin)(xin)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)勝利,成立(li)新(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),實現了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)從(cong)幾(ji)千(qian)年封(feng)建專制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)向人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的偉(wei)大(da)飛躍(yue),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)從(cong)此站起來(lai)了(le)(le),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)展進(jin)(jin)入新(xin)(xin)紀元(yuan),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)當家(jia)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)從(cong)夢想變為現實。社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)革(ge)命(ming)(ming)和(he)(he)建設(she)(she)時期,黨(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)建立(li)和(he)(he)鞏(gong)(gong)固國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權,對(dui)生產(chan)資料進(jin)(jin)行(xing)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)改(gai)造,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定頒布(bu)新(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)一部憲法(fa),確立(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)代表大(da)會制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的多(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協商(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、民(min)族區域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)當家(jia)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架構、經濟(ji)基(ji)(ji)礎、法(fa)律原則、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)框(kuang)架基(ji)(ji)本(ben)確立(li)并不斷(duan)發(fa)展,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大(da)廈巍然聳立(li)起來(lai)。改(gai)革(ge)開(kai)放和(he)(he)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)現代化(hua)建設(she)(she)新(xin)(xin)時期,黨(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)堅(jian)定不移推(tui)進(jin)(jin)社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)(she),堅(jian)持(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)展道路,堅(jian)持(chi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的領(ling)導(dao)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)當家(jia)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、依法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有機統一,積極穩妥推(tui)進(jin)(jin)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge),鞏(gong)(gong)固和(he)(he)發(fa)展人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)代表大(da)會制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),進(jin)(jin)一步完善中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的多(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協商(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、民(min)族區域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、基(ji)(ji)層群眾自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)等(deng)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du),民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)展的政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)保障和(he)(he)社(she)(she)會物質(zhi)基(ji)(ji)礎更加(jia)堅(jian)實。
黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)大(da)以來,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)進(jin)(jin)入新(xin)(xin)時(shi)代(dai)。以習近平同(tong)志(zhi)為核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)中(zhong)央,立足新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史方位,深(shen)刻把(ba)握中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)矛盾發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)變化(hua),積極回應人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)對民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)要(yao)求新(xin)(xin)期盼,深(shen)刻吸取古今中(zhong)外治(zhi)(zhi)亂興衰的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗教(jiao)訓,全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)總結(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)取得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顯著成(cheng)就,團(tuan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)帶(dai)領(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)進(jin)(jin)入歷史新(xin)(xin)時(shi)期。堅持和(he)(he)加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)領(ling)導,深(shen)化(hua)黨(dang)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家機(ji)構改(gai)革,黨(dang)對發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)。推進(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)體系(xi)和(he)(he)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)能(neng)力(li)現代(dai)化(hua),確(que)立和(he)(he)堅持中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)根本制度(du)、基(ji)本制度(du)、重要(yao)制度(du),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)當(dang)家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制度(du)體系(xi)更(geng)(geng)加(jia)(jia)健全(quan)(quan)(quan)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)推進(jin)(jin)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選(xuan)舉(ju)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)協商(shang)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決(jue)策、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理(li)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監督(du),協同(tong)推進(jin)(jin)選(xuan)舉(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)與協商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)依法有序政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)參與不斷擴(kuo)大(da),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)豐(feng)富(fu)多彩。全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)當(dang)家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)更(geng)(geng)好體現在國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)和(he)(he)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)之中(zhong),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制度(du)優(you)越(yue)性得(de)到更(geng)(geng)好發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui),生(sheng)(sheng)動活(huo)(huo)潑、安定團(tuan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)局面(mian)得(de)到鞏固發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan),激發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)凝聚了中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)奮(fen)斗新(xin)(xin)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磅礴力(li)量。黨(dang)團(tuan)結(jie)(jie)(jie)帶(dai)領(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),取得(de)抗擊新(xin)(xin)冠肺炎疫情重大(da)戰略成(cheng)果,歷史性地解(jie)決(jue)絕(jue)對貧困問題,全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)建(jian)成(cheng)小康(kang)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui),化(hua)解(jie)一(yi)系(xi)列重大(da)風(feng)險,開啟(qi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)面(mian)建(jian)設社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)現代(dai)化(hua)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家新(xin)(xin)征程,向(xiang)著全(quan)(quan)(quan)體人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共同(tong)富(fu)裕邁進(jin)(jin),全(quan)(quan)(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在中(zhong)華大(da)地展(zhan)示出勃(bo)勃(bo)生(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)和(he)(he)強(qiang)大(da)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)力(li),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)自(zi)信更(geng)(geng)加(jia)(jia)堅定,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之路越(yue)走越(yue)寬廣(guang)。
全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨團(tuan)(tuan)結帶(dai)領人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)追(zhui)求民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、發展(zhan)(zhan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、實(shi)現(xian)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)大創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao),是(shi)(shi)黨不斷推進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)理(li)(li)論創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、制度創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、實(shi)踐(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗結晶。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)奮(fen)(fen)(fen)斗(dou)(dou)史,是(shi)(shi)團(tuan)(tuan)結帶(dai)領人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)探索(suo)、形成、發展(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)奮(fen)(fen)(fen)斗(dou)(dou)史。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)(shi)近(jin)代(dai)以來黨團(tuan)(tuan)結帶(dai)領人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)長(chang)期(qi)奮(fen)(fen)(fen)斗(dou)(dou)歷史邏(luo)輯(ji)、理(li)(li)論邏(luo)輯(ji)、實(shi)踐(jian)邏(luo)輯(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然結果,是(shi)(shi)堅持黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質屬性(xing)、踐(jian)行黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本(ben)宗(zong)旨的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然要求。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),充分(fen)彰顯(xian)社會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)性(xing)質,充分(fen)彰顯(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)地(di)位,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)意志得(de)(de)到更(geng)好(hao)體(ti)現(xian)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)權益(yi)得(de)(de)到更(geng)好(hao)保障、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)活力進一步(bu)激(ji)發。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),形成和(he)發展(zhan)(zhan)于(yu)黨領導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)爭取民(min)(min)(min)(min)族獨(du)立、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)解放和(he)實(shi)現(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)富(fu)強、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幸福的(de)(de)(de)(de)不懈奮(fen)(fen)(fen)斗(dou)(dou),扎根(gen)在廣(guang)袤的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華大地(di),吸吮著中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)(min)族漫(man)長(chang)奮(fen)(fen)(fen)斗(dou)(dou)積累的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化養分(fen),學習借(jie)鑒人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類文明優秀成果,符合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)情,得(de)(de)到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)衷心擁護,具有(you)深厚現(xian)實(shi)基礎和(he)廣(guang)闊發展(zhan)(zhan)前景。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),具有(you)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度程(cheng)(cheng)序和(he)完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)與實(shi)踐(jian),使選舉民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)協商民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)這兩種(zhong)重要民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形式更(geng)好(hao)結合(he)起來,構(gou)建起覆蓋(gai)960多萬平方公里土(tu)地(di)、14億多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)、56個民(min)(min)(min)(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)系(xi),實(shi)現(xian)了最(zui)廣(guang)大人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛持續(xu)參(can)與。全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),既有(you)鮮(xian)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)色,也體(ti)現(xian)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類共(gong)同價值(zhi),為(wei)豐富(fu)和(he)發展(zhan)(zhan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類政(zheng)治文明貢獻了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)智慧、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)方案。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)發展全(quan)過程(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)根本保(bao)(bao)證。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)這樣一個大國(guo),真正把14億多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)意愿表達好、實現好并(bing)不容易,必須有(you)堅強有(you)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)統一領(ling)(ling)導。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共產(chan)黨(dang)(dang)始終堅持(chi)以(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心、堅持(chi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體地位,真正為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)執政(zheng)、靠人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)執政(zheng);充分發揮(hui)總攬全(quan)局、協調各方的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導核心作(zuo)用,保(bao)(bao)證黨(dang)(dang)領(ling)(ling)導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)有(you)效治理(li)(li)國(guo)家(jia),保(bao)(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)念(nian)、方針、政(zheng)策貫徹到國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)治生活和社會生活的(de)(de)(de)方方面面;堅持(chi)一切(qie)為(wei)了群眾,一切(qie)依(yi)靠群眾,從(cong)群眾中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)來,到群眾中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)群眾路線,密切(qie)同人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾的(de)(de)(de)聯系,凝聚起最廣大人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)智慧和力(li)量;堅持(chi)黨(dang)(dang)內民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),實行民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選舉、民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決策、民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理(li)(li)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監督,帶動和促進(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)發展;健全(quan)選人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)用人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)制度機制,使各方面優秀人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)進(jin)入黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導體系和國(guo)家(jia)治理(li)(li)體系,確保(bao)(bao)黨(dang)(dang)和國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導權掌握在(zai)忠于(yu)馬克思(si)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義、忠于(yu)黨(dang)(dang)、忠于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)手中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);堅持(chi)依(yi)法(fa)(fa)執政(zheng)、依(yi)法(fa)(fa)治國(guo),領(ling)(ling)導立法(fa)(fa)、保(bao)(bao)證執法(fa)(fa)、支持(chi)司法(fa)(fa)、帶頭守法(fa)(fa),通過法(fa)(fa)治保(bao)(bao)障黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策有(you)效實施、保(bao)(bao)障人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)當家(jia)作(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。
二、具有科學有效的制度安排
在中(zhong)國,國家各項制(zhi)度都(dou)是圍(wei)繞人(ren)(ren)民(min)當家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)構建(jian)的(de),國家治理體系都(dou)是圍(wei)繞實(shi)現人(ren)(ren)民(min)當家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)運轉的(de),全(quan)過程(cheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)具有(you)(you)完整(zheng)的(de)制(zhi)度程(cheng)序(xu)。這(zhe)些(xie)制(zhi)度程(cheng)序(xu),形成了(le)(le)全(quan)面(mian)、廣泛、有(you)(you)機銜(xian)接的(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)當家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)度體系,構建(jian)了(le)(le)多樣、暢通、有(you)(you)序(xu)的(de)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)渠道(dao),有(you)(you)效保證了(le)(le)黨的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張、國家意志、人(ren)(ren)民(min)意愿(yuan)相統一,有(you)(you)效保證了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)民(min)當家作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。
(一)實行人(ren)民民主專政的國體(ti)
中國(guo)(guo)是工人(ren)階(jie)級領導的(de)、以工農(nong)聯(lian)盟為(wei)基礎的(de)人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主專(zhuan)政的(de)社會主義國(guo)(guo)家。人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主專(zhuan)政,體現(xian)中國(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家根本性質。
中國(guo)(guo)(guo)堅(jian)持(chi)民(min)(min)(min)主與專政有機統一,保(bao)證(zheng)了人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)(jia)作(zuo)主。一方面,始終(zhong)堅(jian)持(chi)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主專政中的(de)(de)“民(min)(min)(min)主”,堅(jian)持(chi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)一切(qie)權(quan)(quan)力屬于(yu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min),保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)依(yi)照憲法和法律(lv)規(gui)定(ding),通過各(ge)種(zhong)途徑和形(xing)式(shi),管理國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)事(shi)務,管理經(jing)濟和文化(hua)事(shi)業(ye),管理社(she)會(hui)事(shi)務;另一方面,始終(zhong)堅(jian)持(chi)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主專政中的(de)(de)“專政”,充分履(lv)行(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)政權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)專政職能(neng),依(yi)法打擊(ji)破壞(huai)社(she)會(hui)主義制度、顛覆國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)政權(quan)(quan)、危害國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)安全和公共安全等(deng)各(ge)種(zhong)犯(fan)罪(zui)行(xing)(xing)為,維護法律(lv)尊嚴(yan)和法律(lv)秩序,保(bao)護國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)和人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)利(li)益。民(min)(min)(min)主和專政不是(shi)(shi)矛盾(dun)的(de)(de),都是(shi)(shi)為了保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)(jia)作(zuo)主。打擊(ji)極(ji)少數是(shi)(shi)為了保(bao)護大多數,實行(xing)(xing)專政是(shi)(shi)為了實現民(min)(min)(min)主。
(二)實(shi)行人民代表(biao)大會制度的政體(ti)
人民代(dai)表大(da)會制度(du),是(shi)適應人民民主(zhu)專政(zheng)國(guo)體的(de)政(zheng)權組(zu)織形式,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)根本政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制度(du),是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)人民當家作主(zhu)的(de)根本途(tu)徑和(he)最高實(shi)現(xian)形式,是(shi)實(shi)現(xian)全過程人民民主(zhu)的(de)重要(yao)制度(du)載體。人民代(dai)表大(da)會制度(du),堅持國(guo)家一切權力屬于人民,最大(da)限度(du)保(bao)障人民當家作主(zhu),把(ba)黨的(de)領(ling)導、人民當家作主(zhu)、依(yi)法治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)有(you)機結合起來,有(you)效(xiao)保(bao)證國(guo)家治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理跳(tiao)出治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)興衰的(de)歷史周期率。人民代(dai)表大(da)會制度(du),正確處理事關國(guo)家前途(tu)命(ming)運的(de)一系列重大(da)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關系,實(shi)現(xian)國(guo)家統(tong)一有(you)效(xiao)組(zu)織各項事業,維護國(guo)家統(tong)一和(he)民族團結,有(you)效(xiao)保(bao)證國(guo)家政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生活既充滿活力又安定(ding)有(you)序。
人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)通過人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有效(xiao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)權(quan)(quan)力(li)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)統一(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)權(quan)(quan)力(li),全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是最高(gao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)權(quan)(quan)力(li)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan),地方人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)是地方國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)權(quan)(quan)力(li)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)。各級(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)、監(jian)(jian)察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)、審判機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)、檢察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)都由人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)產生,對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)負(fu)責、受人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)監(jian)(jian)督。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有立(li)法(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)、監(jian)(jian)督權(quan)(quan)、決定權(quan)(quan)、任免權(quan)(quan)。全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)及(ji)(ji)其常務(wu)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)立(li)法(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan),全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)修改憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)以及(ji)(ji)制(zhi)定和修改刑(xing)事(shi)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)和其他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)基本法(fa)(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力(li);全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)主席、副主席,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)總(zong)理(li)(li)、副總(zong)理(li)(li)及(ji)(ji)其他(ta)(ta)組(zu)(zu)成人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan),中央軍(jun)事(shi)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主席及(ji)(ji)其他(ta)(ta)組(zu)(zu)成人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)監(jian)(jian)察(cha)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主任,最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)院(yuan)(yuan)長,最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)檢察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)檢察(cha)長行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)任免權(quan)(quan);全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)事(shi)關(guan)(guan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)展、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)利(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)(da)問題(ti),包括(kuo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)經(jing)濟和社會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)發(fa)展計劃和計劃執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況的(de)(de)(de)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)預算和預算執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)情況的(de)(de)(de)報(bao)告(gao)(gao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)審查和批準權(quan)(quan)等;全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)及(ji)(ji)其常務(wu)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)對(dui)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)實施、“一(yi)府一(yi)委兩院(yuan)(yuan)”工作等的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)督權(quan)(quan)。地方各級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)及(ji)(ji)其常務(wu)委員(yuan)(yuan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)依法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)相應職(zhi)權(quan)(quan)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)度,實現了(le)廣泛民(min)(min)(min)(min)主,使(shi)各級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)有高(gao)度的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力(li),保證了(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)掌(zhang)握和行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)權(quan)(quan)力(li),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和民(min)(min)(min)(min)族前途命運牢牢掌(zhang)握在(zai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)手中。
人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)充分反映(ying)人(ren)(ren)民呼聲(sheng)。人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)來(lai)自人(ren)(ren)民,橫向上(shang)(shang),來(lai)自各(ge)地區(qu)、各(ge)民族、各(ge)方面、各(ge)階層;縱向上(shang)(shang),全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、省、市(shi)、縣(xian)(xian)、鄉五級(ji)都(dou)有人(ren)(ren)民代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui),具有廣泛(fan)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)性。截至2020年(nian)底,全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)有人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)262萬名,其(qi)中(zhong)縣(xian)(xian)鄉兩級(ji)人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)占代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)總數的(de)(de)94.5%。人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)充分發(fa)揮植根人(ren)(ren)民的(de)(de)優(you)勢,依(yi)(yi)法(fa)認真履職(zhi)盡責,通過各(ge)種形式(shi)和渠道聽(ting)取和反映(ying)人(ren)(ren)民群(qun)眾的(de)(de)意見(jian)建議(yi)(yi)。一年(nian)一度(du)的(de)(de)各(ge)級(ji)人(ren)(ren)民代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)會(hui)議(yi)(yi),鄉、縣(xian)(xian)、市(shi)、省、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自下而(er)上(shang)(shang)、逐級(ji)召開,使得(de)人(ren)(ren)民群(qun)眾意愿和呼聲(sheng)能(neng)夠真實反映(ying)、向上(shang)(shang)傳(chuan)遞。改革(ge)開放(fang)以(yi)來(lai),每(mei)年(nian)的(de)(de)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)會(hui)議(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),近3000名全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)共(gong)商國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)大(da)(da)(da)計、共(gong)議(yi)(yi)民生熱點問題,黨和國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)領(ling)導(dao)人(ren)(ren)當面傾(qing)聽(ting)意見(jian)建議(yi)(yi),讓(rang)人(ren)(ren)民的(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)思所(suo)(suo)盼融(rong)入國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)頂層設計。各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)機關依(yi)(yi)法(fa)認真研究(jiu)辦理人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)提(ti)出的(de)(de)議(yi)(yi)案、建議(yi)(yi),許多(duo)被吸納進政策(ce)決策(ce)中(zhong)。
人(ren)民(min)(min)代表大(da)(da)會制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),為中(zhong)國共產黨(dang)領導(dao)人(ren)民(min)(min)有(you)效(xiao)治理國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)提(ti)供了(le)重(zhong)要制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)保(bao)障(zhang)。黨(dang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)人(ren)民(min)(min)代表大(da)(da)會制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),使(shi)黨(dang)的(de)(de)主張通(tong)(tong)過(guo)法定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)為國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)意志,使(shi)黨(dang)組織推薦(jian)的(de)(de)人(ren)選通(tong)(tong)過(guo)法定(ding)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)為國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)權(quan)機關(guan)的(de)(de)領導(dao)人(ren)員,通(tong)(tong)過(guo)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政(zheng)權(quan)機關(guan)實施黨(dang)對國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)和社會的(de)(de)領導(dao),維護黨(dang)和國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)權(quan)威、維護全(quan)黨(dang)全(quan)國團結統一。實踐充分證(zheng)明,人(ren)民(min)(min)代表大(da)(da)會制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)是(shi)符合(he)中(zhong)國國情和實際、體現社會主義(yi)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)性質、保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)民(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)作主、保(bao)障(zhang)實現中(zhong)華民(min)(min)族偉(wei)大(da)(da)復興的(de)(de)好制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),必須長期(qi)堅持、全(quan)面(mian)貫徹(che)、不(bu)斷(duan)發展。
(三)堅持和(he)完善中國共產(chan)黨(dang)領(ling)導的多黨(dang)合(he)作和(he)政治協(xie)商制(zhi)度
中(zhong)國(guo)共產黨(dang)領導的(de)多(duo)黨(dang)合(he)作(zuo)和(he)政治(zhi)協商(shang)制(zhi)度(du)是中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)一項基本政治(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)。這一制(zhi)度(du)植根中(zhong)國(guo)土壤、彰顯中(zhong)國(guo)智(zhi)慧(hui),又(you)積極借鑒和(he)吸收人類政治(zhi)文(wen)明(ming)優秀成果,是中(zhong)國(guo)新型(xing)政黨(dang)制(zhi)度(du)。憲法規定,中(zhong)國(guo)共產黨(dang)領導的(de)多(duo)黨(dang)合(he)作(zuo)和(he)政治(zhi)協商(shang)制(zhi)度(du)將長期存在和(he)發展。
在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),除了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang),還(huan)有八(ba)個民(min)主黨(dang)派(pai)(注①)。在(zai)人民(min)民(min)主的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同旗幟下,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)與各民(min)主黨(dang)派(pai)長期(qi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)存、互相監(jian)督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共(gong)(gong)(gong),形成了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)領(ling)(ling)導的(de)(de)(de)多黨(dang)合作和(he)政(zheng)治協(xie)商制度這一具有鮮明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)和(he)顯著優勢的(de)(de)(de)新型政(zheng)黨(dang)制度。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)是(shi)執(zhi)政(zheng)黨(dang),八(ba)個民(min)主黨(dang)派(pai)是(shi)接受(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)領(ling)(ling)導、同中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)親(qin)密合作的(de)(de)(de)參政(zheng)黨(dang),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)好(hao)參謀、好(hao)幫手(shou)、好(hao)同事。在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),沒(mei)有反對黨(dang),也(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有在(zai)野黨(dang)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)既(ji)不是(shi)一黨(dang)專政(zheng),也(ye)(ye)不是(shi)多黨(dang)競(jing)爭、輪流執(zhi)政(zheng),而是(shi)“共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)領(ling)(ling)導、多黨(dang)派(pai)合作,共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)黨(dang)執(zhi)政(zheng)、多黨(dang)派(pai)參政(zheng)”。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)和各(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)、無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)士以會議(yi)協商(shang)(shang)、約(yue)談協商(shang)(shang)、書面協商(shang)(shang)等(deng)形式,就(jiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家和地(di)方重大(da)政(zheng)策和重要事(shi)務(wu)進行(xing)協商(shang)(shang)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)自覺接受各(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)、無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)士的民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)監(jian)督。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)和各(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)、無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)士在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家政(zheng)權中(zhong)(zhong)合作共事(shi),民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)成員和無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)士在(zai)各(ge)(ge)級人(ren)大(da)代表、人(ren)大(da)常(chang)委會組成人(ren)員及人(ren)大(da)專門(men)委員會成員中(zhong)(zhong)均(jun)占(zhan)一(yi)定數量,一(yi)些民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)成員和無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)士擔任國(guo)(guo)(guo)家機關領導(dao)職務(wu)。各(ge)(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)、無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)士緊緊圍繞國(guo)(guo)(guo)家中(zhong)(zhong)心工作,積極參政(zheng)議(yi)政(zheng)、建言獻策,為國(guo)(guo)(guo)家發展發揮(hui)作用(yong)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國人(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)是實行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)國共(gong)產黨(dang)(dang)領(ling)(ling)導的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要機構(gou)。人(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為專(zhuan)門(men)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)機構(gou),在(zai)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)促進(jin)(jin)廣(guang)泛(fan)團結(jie)、推進(jin)(jin)多(duo)(duo)黨(dang)(dang)合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、實踐人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu),既秉承歷(li)史傳統,又反映時代特征(zheng),充分體(ti)(ti)現了中(zhong)(zhong)國社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義民(min)(min)主(zhu)有(you)事多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)量、遇事多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)量、做事多(duo)(duo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點和優(you)勢(shi),是國家治(zhi)理體(ti)(ti)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分和具有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度安(an)排。在(zai)人(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)制度平臺上,各黨(dang)(dang)派(pai)團體(ti)(ti)、各族(zu)各界(jie)(jie)人(ren)士(shi)發(fa)揮在(zai)界(jie)(jie)別(bie)群(qun)眾中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代表作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用,通過全(quan)體(ti)(ti)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)、常委會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)、主(zhu)席會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)、專(zhuan)門(men)委員會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)、專(zhuan)題(ti)(ti)(ti)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)、協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)座談(tan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)等,開(kai)展提案、委員視察(cha)考(kao)察(cha)、專(zhuan)題(ti)(ti)(ti)調(diao)研、反映社(she)情民(min)(min)意(yi)(yi)等經常性(xing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),對(dui)(dui)國家大政(zheng)(zheng)方針(zhen)、經濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)各領(ling)(ling)域重要問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti),在(zai)決策之(zhi)前和決策實施之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)廣(guang)泛(fan)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、平等協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、有(you)序協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、真誠協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),提出意(yi)(yi)見(jian)建議(yi)(yi)(yi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國共(gong)產黨(dang)(dang)采納和集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)建議(yi)(yi)(yi),各黨(dang)(dang)派(pai)團體(ti)(ti)、各族(zu)各界(jie)(jie)人(ren)士(shi)接受黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張并(bing)在(zai)各界(jie)(jie)別(bie)群(qun)眾中(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)傳解(jie)釋黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方針(zhen)政(zheng)(zheng)策,增信釋疑,最(zui)廣(guang)泛(fan)地(di)反映民(min)(min)意(yi)(yi),最(zui)充分地(di)集(ji)思廣(guang)益,最(zui)大限度地(di)凝聚共(gong)識,鞏(gong)固團結(jie)奮斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)同思想(xiang)基礎。全(quan)國政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)全(quan)體(ti)(ti)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)與全(quan)國人(ren)大會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi)每(mei)年(nian)同期召(zhao)開(kai),政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)委員不僅要討論(lun)政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti),還要列席全(quan)國人(ren)大會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)(yi),參加(jia)對(dui)(dui)有(you)關法(fa)律(lv)修改、“一府兩(liang)院(yuan)”工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)報告等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)討論(lun),這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度安(an)排真正實現了讓人(ren)人(ren)起來負責、人(ren)人(ren)監督政(zheng)(zheng)府工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),形成(cheng)了具有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“兩(liang)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)”式民(min)(min)主(zhu)。
中(zhong)國共(gong)產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)領(ling)導(dao)的多黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)合(he)作和政(zheng)(zheng)治協商制(zhi)度(du),真實(shi)、廣泛、持(chi)久代表和實(shi)現最(zui)廣大人民(min)根(gen)本(ben)利(li)益(yi)(yi)、全國各(ge)(ge)族各(ge)(ge)界根(gen)本(ben)利(li)益(yi)(yi),有效避(bi)免了舊(jiu)式政(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)度(du)代表少數(shu)人、少數(shu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)集(ji)團(tuan)的弊(bi)端;把各(ge)(ge)個政(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)和無黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派人士緊密團(tuan)結起來、為著共(gong)同目標而(er)奮斗,有效避(bi)免了一黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)缺乏監督或者多黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)輪流(liu)坐莊、惡性(xing)競(jing)爭的弊(bi)端;通過制(zhi)度(du)化、程(cheng)序化、規(gui)范化的安排(pai)集(ji)中(zhong)各(ge)(ge)種意(yi)見和建議、推動決(jue)策(ce)科學化民(min)主化,有效避(bi)免了舊(jiu)式政(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)制(zhi)度(du)囿于黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)派利(li)益(yi)(yi)、階級利(li)益(yi)(yi)、區域和集(ji)團(tuan)利(li)益(yi)(yi)決(jue)策(ce)施政(zheng)(zheng)導(dao)致(zhi)社(she)會撕(si)裂的弊(bi)端。
(四)鞏固和發展最廣泛的(de)愛(ai)國統一戰線(xian)
統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)線是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)凝聚人心、匯(hui)集力量(liang)的(de)重要法寶(bao)。在人民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)實踐中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)產黨(dang)(dang)(dang)始終(zhong)把統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)線擺在重要位置(zhi),堅持大團(tuan)(tuan)結大聯合(he),堅持一(yi)(yi)(yi)致性(xing)和(he)多樣性(xing)相統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi),統(tong)(tong)(tong)籌做好民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派和(he)無黨(dang)(dang)(dang)派人士工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、黨(dang)(dang)(dang)外知(zhi)識分(fen)子工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、宗(zong)教工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、非(fei)公有制經濟領域(yu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)戰(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、新的(de)社會階層(ceng)人士統(tong)(tong)(tong)戰(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、港澳臺統(tong)(tong)(tong)戰(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、海外統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)線工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)和(he)僑務工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo),團(tuan)(tuan)結一(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)可(ke)以團(tuan)(tuan)結的(de)力量(liang)、調動(dong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)可(ke)以調動(dong)的(de)積(ji)極因素(su),廣泛凝聚共(gong)(gong)識,尋求最大公約數(shu)、畫(hua)出最大同(tong)心圓,不(bu)斷(duan)促進政(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)關(guan)系(xi)、民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)關(guan)系(xi)、宗(zong)教關(guan)系(xi)、階層(ceng)關(guan)系(xi)、海內外同(tong)胞關(guan)系(xi)和(he)諧(xie),最大限(xian)度凝聚起中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)切(qie)智慧(hui)和(he)力量(liang)。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人民(min)政治協商會(hui)(hui)議(yi)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人民(min)愛(ai)國(guo)統一(yi)戰(zhan)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織。全(quan)國(guo)政協設34個界別(bie)(bie)(bie),由中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)產黨(dang)、各民(min)主黨(dang)派、無黨(dang)派人士(shi)、人民(min)團(tuan)體、各少數民(min)族和(he)(he)各界的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表,香港特(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)行(xing)政區同胞(bao)、澳門特(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)行(xing)政區同胞(bao)、臺灣同胞(bao)和(he)(he)歸國(guo)僑(qiao)胞(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表以及特(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)邀請的(de)(de)(de)(de)人士(shi)組(zu)成(cheng)。全(quan)國(guo)政協十三屆一(yi)次會(hui)(hui)議(yi)共(gong)(gong)有委員(yuan)2100多人,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)非中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)黨(dang)員(yuan)占60.2%。這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織構成(cheng),體現了大(da)團(tuan)結大(da)聯合的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要特(te)征(zheng),能夠在熱(re)愛(ai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人民(min)共(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)、擁(yong)護(hu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)(gong)產黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領導(dao)、共(gong)(gong)同致力(li)于實現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民(min)族偉大(da)復興的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治基(ji)礎上(shang),求同存異(yi)、聚同化(hua)異(yi),最大(da)限度地調動一(yi)切(qie)積極因素、團(tuan)結一(yi)切(qie)可以團(tuan)結的(de)(de)(de)(de)人,最大(da)限度凝(ning)聚起共(gong)(gong)同團(tuan)結奮斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)強大(da)力(li)量。
(五)堅持(chi)和完善民族(zu)區域自治制(zhi)度
中國(guo)(guo)是(shi)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)多民(min)族國(guo)(guo)家,鑄牢中華民(min)族共同(tong)(tong)體(ti)意識,始(shi)終保持國(guo)(guo)家完整(zheng)統(tong)一(yi),實(shi)現各民(min)族共同(tong)(tong)團結奮斗、共同(tong)(tong)繁(fan)榮發展,是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)共產黨民(min)族政策的(de)方(fang)針宗(zong)旨。民(min)族區(qu)(qu)域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du),是(shi)指在國(guo)(guo)家統(tong)一(yi)領導(dao)下,各少數(shu)民(min)族聚居(ju)的(de)地方(fang)實(shi)行區(qu)(qu)域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi),設立自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)機關,行使自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)權的(de)制(zhi)度(du)。民(min)族區(qu)(qu)域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)在憲法(fa)以及(ji)民(min)族區(qu)(qu)域自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)中得到明確,是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)的(de)一(yi)項基本政治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)度(du)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)實行民(min)(min)族(zu)區域自(zi)治(zhi),以領(ling)土完整(zheng)、國(guo)家統(tong)一(yi)(yi)為前(qian)提和(he)基礎,體現了統(tong)一(yi)(yi)與(yu)自(zi)治(zhi)的(de)(de)結合(he)、民(min)(min)族(zu)因素(su)與(yu)區域因素(su)的(de)(de)結合(he),完全符合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)情和(he)實際。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)族(zu)區域自(zi)治(zhi),是(shi)(shi)在國(guo)家統(tong)一(yi)(yi)領(ling)導下的(de)(de)自(zi)治(zhi),各民(min)(min)族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)地方(fang)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)不可分(fen)離的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分(fen),民(min)(min)族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)地方(fang)的(de)(de)自(zi)治(zhi)機關都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)府領(ling)導下的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)級地方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan),都(dou)(dou)必(bi)須服從中(zhong)(zhong)央統(tong)一(yi)(yi)領(ling)導。
實(shi)行(xing)(xing)民(min)(min)(min)族區(qu)域(yu)自(zi)治(zhi),從制度和(he)政策層面保(bao)障(zhang)了少數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)族公民(min)(min)(min)享有平等(deng)自(zi)由(you)(you)權利以及經(jing)濟、社會、文化權利。155個民(min)(min)(min)族自(zi)治(zhi)地方(fang)的(de)(de)人民(min)(min)(min)代表大會常務委員會中,均有實(shi)行(xing)(xing)區(qu)域(yu)自(zi)治(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)族的(de)(de)公民(min)(min)(min)擔(dan)任主(zhu)任或者副主(zhu)任;民(min)(min)(min)族自(zi)治(zhi)地方(fang)政府的(de)(de)主(zhu)席、州長、縣長或旗長,均由(you)(you)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)區(qu)域(yu)自(zi)治(zhi)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)族的(de)(de)公民(min)(min)(min)擔(dan)任。中國根據各少數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)族的(de)(de)特點和(he)需要,幫助(zhu)各少數(shu)民(min)(min)(min)族地區(qu)加速經(jing)濟和(he)文化發展(zhan)。
民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)區域(yu)自治制(zhi)度(du),極大(da)(da)增強了各(ge)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民(min)當(dang)家(jia)作主(zhu)的(de)自豪感責任感,極大(da)(da)調動了各(ge)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民(min)共創中華(hua)民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)美好(hao)未(wei)來、共享中華(hua)民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)偉大(da)(da)榮光的(de)積極性(xing)主(zhu)動性(xing)創造(zao)性(xing)。在這一制(zhi)度(du)框架下,中華(hua)民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)大(da)(da)團結的(de)局面不(bu)斷(duan)鞏固(gu),各(ge)族(zu)(zu)(zu)人(ren)民(min)交(jiao)往交(jiao)流交(jiao)融日益廣(guang)泛深(shen)入,平(ping)等團結互助和諧的(de)社(she)會主(zhu)義民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)關系不(bu)斷(duan)發展,56個民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)像石榴籽(zi)一樣緊(jin)緊(jin)抱(bao)在一起,中華(hua)民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)共同體(ti)意識日益牢固(gu)。
(六)堅(jian)持和(he)完善基(ji)層群眾(zhong)自治制度
中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)口多(duo)、地(di)域(yu)廣,基層治理(li)差(cha)異(yi)大。中(zhong)國(guo)實行以(yi)村(cun)民自治制(zhi)度、居(ju)民自治制(zhi)度和職工代表(biao)大會制(zhi)度為主要內(nei)容(rong)的(de)基層群眾(zhong)自治制(zhi)度,人(ren)民群眾(zhong)在基層黨組織(zhi)的(de)領導和支持(chi)下,依法直接(jie)行使民主權利(li),實現自我(wo)(wo)管(guan)理(li)、自我(wo)(wo)服務、自我(wo)(wo)教育(yu)、自我(wo)(wo)監督,有效防止(zhi)了人(ren)民形式上有權、實際上無權的(de)現象。
村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)自治(zhi)。村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)在基層黨組織的領導下(xia),成立(li)(li)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)委(wei)員會(hui),依法直接行(xing)使民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權利(li),依法管理基層公(gong)(gong)(gong)共事(shi)(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)和公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業。實(shi)(shi)行(xing)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選舉,由(you)(you)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)選舉村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)委(wei)員會(hui)組成人員;實(shi)(shi)行(xing)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)協(xie)商(shang),由(you)(you)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)采(cai)取(qu)多種形式開(kai)展協(xie)商(shang)議事(shi)(shi)(shi);實(shi)(shi)行(xing)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決(jue)策,由(you)(you)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)通過村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)會(hui)議或(huo)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)代表會(hui)議對(dui)社(she)區公(gong)(gong)(gong)共事(shi)(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)和公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)業等(deng)作出決(jue)定;實(shi)(shi)行(xing)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理,由(you)(you)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)討論(lun)決(jue)定村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)自治(zhi)章程、村(cun)規民(min)(min)約、居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)(gong)約等(deng),并(bing)進行(xing)自我管理;實(shi)(shi)行(xing)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監(jian)督(du),由(you)(you)村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)推選產生村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))務(wu)(wu)監(jian)督(du)委(wei)員會(hui),監(jian)督(du)村(cun)(社(she)區)事(shi)(shi)(shi)務(wu)(wu)和村(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju))務(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)制(zhi)度落實(shi)(shi)。截至2020年底(di),50.3萬(wan)(wan)個行(xing)政村(cun)全部建立(li)(li)了村(cun)民(min)(min)委(wei)員會(hui),11.2萬(wan)(wan)個社(she)區全部建立(li)(li)了居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)委(wei)員會(hui)。
企(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)依法行(xing)使民主權(quan)利(li)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位建(jian)(jian)立以職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)代表大(da)會(hui)為(wei)基本形(xing)式的(de)民主管理(li)制度(du),職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)在企(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位重(zhong)大(da)決策(ce)和(he)涉及職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)切身利(li)益(yi)等重(zhong)大(da)事(shi)項上發揮(hui)積(ji)極作(zuo)(zuo)用;企(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位推行(xing)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)董事(shi)、職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)監事(shi)制度(du),全面實行(xing)廠務公開制度(du),探索領(ling)導接(jie)待(dai)日(ri)、勞資懇談會(hui)、領(ling)導信箱等形(xing)式,反映職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)訴求,協(xie)調勞動關系和(he)保障職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)合法權(quan)益(yi),對單位生產和(he)管理(li)提出意(yi)見建(jian)(jian)議(yi),為(wei)單位發展(zhan)獻計獻策(ce)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)工(gong)會(hui)委員(yuan)會(hui)是(shi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)代表大(da)會(hui)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)機構,現(xian)階段(duan),中(zhong)國共有(you)280.9萬個基層(ceng)工(gong)會(hui)組織,覆蓋(gai)655.1萬個企(qi)(qi)(qi)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)單位。
基(ji)(ji)層民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)創(chuang)新(xin)十分(fen)活躍。從城鄉社(she)區(qu)里的(de)(de)村(居)民(min)(min)議(yi)(yi)事會、村(居)民(min)(min)論壇、民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)懇談會、民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)聽證會到(dao)黨(dang)代表、人(ren)大代表、政(zheng)協(xie)委(wei)員聯(lian)合進社(she)區(qu),從“小院議(yi)(yi)事廳”到(dao)“板(ban)凳民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)”,從線(xian)下“圓(yuan)桌會”到(dao)線(xian)上“議(yi)(yi)事群”,中(zhong)國人(ren)民(min)(min)在火熱(re)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)層生活中(zhong),摸索創(chuang)造了一(yi)個又一(yi)個充滿煙火氣(qi)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)形式。人(ren)們(men)通過這些接地氣(qi)、聚人(ren)氣(qi)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)實(shi)踐,圍繞涉及自身(shen)利益的(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)問題,發(fa)表意見建議(yi)(yi),進行廣(guang)泛協(xie)商,利益得到(dao)協(xie)調(diao),矛盾有效化解,促進了基(ji)(ji)層穩定和諧(xie)。基(ji)(ji)層民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)許多好的(de)(de)經驗做法成(cheng)為國家政(zheng)策,為中(zhong)國民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)發(fa)展不斷注入新(xin)的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)。
基(ji)(ji)層群(qun)眾自治制度,增(zeng)強了基(ji)(ji)層群(qun)眾的民(min)主(zhu)意識和民(min)主(zhu)能(neng)力,培養了基(ji)(ji)層群(qun)眾的民(min)主(zhu)習慣(guan),充分彰(zhang)顯了中國民(min)主(zhu)的廣泛(fan)性和真實性。基(ji)(ji)層群(qun)眾自治,使(shi)(shi)得社會細胞都活(huo)躍起來,使(shi)(shi)“微治理(li)”富有活(huo)力、更有效率,為建設人(ren)人(ren)有責、人(ren)人(ren)盡責、人(ren)人(ren)享有的基(ji)(ji)層治理(li)共同體提供了堅實制度保(bao)障。
三、具有具體現實的民主實踐
中國發(fa)展全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人民民主(zhu),既有完(wan)整的(de)制度程(cheng)(cheng)序,也有完(wan)整的(de)參與實踐。全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人民民主(zhu),把選(xuan)舉(ju)民主(zhu)與協商(shang)民主(zhu)結合起來,把民主(zhu)選(xuan)舉(ju)、民主(zhu)協商(shang)、民主(zhu)決策(ce)、民主(zhu)管(guan)理、民主(zhu)監(jian)督貫通(tong)起來,涵蓋經(jing)濟(ji)、政(zheng)治、文(wen)化、社會、生態(tai)文(wen)明等各個方面(mian),關注國家發(fa)展大(da)事(shi)、社會治理難事(shi)、百姓(xing)日常(chang)瑣事(shi),具(ju)有時(shi)間上的(de)連(lian)續性(xing)、內容(rong)上的(de)整體性(xing)、運(yun)行上的(de)協同性(xing)、人民參與上的(de)廣(guang)泛性(xing)和持續性(xing),使國家政(zheng)治生活和社會生活各環節、各方面(mian)都體現(xian)人民意愿(yuan)、聽到(dao)人民聲音(yin),有效防止了選(xuan)舉(ju)時(shi)漫天許諾、選(xuan)舉(ju)后無人過(guo)問的(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。
(一)民主選舉
人民通過選舉、投票行使權(quan)利,選出代表自己意愿的(de)人來掌握并(bing)行使權(quan)力,是(shi)中國民主(zhu)的(de)一種重要(yao)形式,是(shi)人民實現當(dang)家作主(zhu)的(de)重要(yao)體現。
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)是(shi)廣泛的(de),有(you)國(guo)(guo)家機構選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)、村(居)委會(hui)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)、企事業單位職工代表(biao)大會(hui)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)等,涵蓋(gai)了(le)國(guo)(guo)家政治生活(huo)和社(she)會(hui)生活(huo)的(de)各個方面;中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)是(shi)平(ping)等的(de),人(ren)民的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)權(quan)和被選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)權(quan)得到充(chong)分保(bao)障(zhang),一(yi)人(ren)一(yi)票、票票等值;中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)是(shi)真實的(de),不(bu)受(shou)金(jin)錢(qian)操(cao)控,選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)民按照自己的(de)意愿(yuan)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)出自己信任的(de)人(ren);中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)是(shi)發(fa)(fa)展的(de),選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)形式手段隨著經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展不(bu)斷(duan)創新和豐富。
國(guo)家機(ji)構選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)。國(guo)家機(ji)構選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)是(shi)指,選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)全國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代表(biao)大會和地方各級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代表(biao)大會,由(you)各級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)同(tong)級(ji)(ji)國(guo)家機(ji)關領導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)。在(zai)中國(guo),年滿18周歲、具(ju)有(you)(you)中華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)共和國(guo)國(guo)籍(ji)、未被依法剝(bo)奪政治權利的公民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),都(dou)有(you)(you)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)權和被選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)權。從全國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大到(dao)鄉級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大,五級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代表(biao)大會代表(biao)均由(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng),每屆(jie)任(ren)期5年。按照普遍、平等、直(zhi)接(jie)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)和間接(jie)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)相(xiang)結合以及差額選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)、無記名投票(piao)的原則,選(xuan)(xuan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)直(zhi)接(jie)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)縣鄉兩級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大代表(biao),縣級(ji)(ji)以上人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大代表(biao)由(you)下一級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)。各級(ji)(ji)國(guo)家機(ji)關領導人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)均由(you)同(tong)級(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)或者決(jue)定任(ren)命。
基(ji)層選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)。基(ji)層選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)是中國最(zui)廣泛、最(zui)生(sheng)動的民(min)(min)主(zhu)實踐,包括(kuo)村(居(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)委員(yuan)(yuan)會選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)和企(qi)事業(ye)單位(wei)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)代(dai)表大(da)會選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)。村(居(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)委員(yuan)(yuan)會由(you)主(zhu)任、副主(zhu)任和委員(yuan)(yuan)組成,村(居(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)委員(yuan)(yuan)會選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)與縣鄉(xiang)人大(da)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)同步進行(xing)。村(居(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)依法定期選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)村(居(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)委員(yuan)(yuan)會成員(yuan)(yuan)。在企(qi)事業(ye)單位(wei)中,職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)代(dai)表大(da)會是職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)當家作主(zhu)、行(xing)使民(min)(min)主(zhu)管理權力的機構,職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)代(dai)表由(you)全體職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)通過民(min)(min)主(zhu)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)。
中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)民主選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)是(shi)(shi)符合中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)情的(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)發(fa)展階段相(xiang)適應的(de)(de),是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)著經(jing)濟社會發(fa)展與(yu)時(shi)俱進的(de)(de)。幾十(shi)年來(lai),中(zhong)國(guo)適時(shi)修改(gai)選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)法,選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)全國(guo)人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)時(shi),農村(cun)和城市每(mei)位代(dai)表(biao)(biao)所代(dai)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)口比例從(cong)新中(zhong)國(guo)成立初(chu)期的(de)(de)8∶1,到1995年的(de)(de)4∶1,再(zai)到2010年的(de)(de)1∶1,逐步(bu)實現了城鄉人(ren)(ren)口的(de)(de)平(ping)等選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)。人(ren)(ren)們的(de)(de)民主意識不(bu)斷增強,參選(xuan)率不(bu)斷提(ti)高。改(gai)革開放(fang)以來(lai),中(zhong)國(guo)先后進行12次鄉級人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)直接選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)、11次縣級人(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)直接選(xuan)舉(ju)(ju),選(xuan)民參選(xuan)率均保持在90%左右。
(二)民主協商
有事(shi)好商(shang)(shang)(shang)量,眾(zhong)人(ren)的(de)事(shi)情由眾(zhong)人(ren)商(shang)(shang)(shang)量,找到(dao)全社(she)會意(yi)愿和要求的(de)最大公約數(shu),是人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)真諦。人(ren)民(min)(min)在通過(guo)選舉、投(tou)票行(xing)(xing)使權利的(de)同時(shi),在重大決策(ce)前和決策(ce)過(guo)程中進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)分協商(shang)(shang)(shang),盡可能就共同性問題(ti)取得(de)一致意(yi)見。協商(shang)(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)主(zhu)是中國民(min)(min)主(zhu)獨特的(de)、獨有的(de)、獨到(dao)的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)形(xing)式。
具有(you)深厚基(ji)礎(chu)。協商民主(zhu)源(yuan)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華民族(zu)(zu)長期形成的(de)天下為公、兼容并蓄、求同存異等(deng)優秀政(zheng)治文(wen)化,源(yuan)自(zi)近代以后中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)政(zheng)治發(fa)展的(de)現(xian)實(shi)進程,源(yuan)自(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨領導人(ren)(ren)民進行(xing)不懈奮(fen)斗的(de)長期實(shi)踐,源(yuan)自(zi)新(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)成立后各(ge)黨派、各(ge)團體(ti)(ti)、各(ge)民族(zu)(zu)、各(ge)階層(ceng)、各(ge)界(jie)人(ren)(ren)士在政(zheng)治制度(du)上共(gong)同實(shi)現(xian)的(de)偉大創造,源(yuan)自(zi)改革開放以來中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)在政(zheng)治體(ti)(ti)制上的(de)不斷創新(xin),具有(you)深厚的(de)文(wen)化基(ji)礎(chu)、理論(lun)基(ji)礎(chu)、實(shi)踐基(ji)礎(chu)、制度(du)基(ji)礎(chu)。
形式(shi)廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)多(duo)樣(yang)。在各領(ling)域各層級,人(ren)(ren)民(min)群眾就改革發(fa)展穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)重大問(wen)題以及(ji)事(shi)關自身(shen)利(li)益(yi)的(de)問(wen)題,通過提案、會議、座談、論證、聽(ting)證、評估(gu)、咨詢、網絡(luo)、民(min)意調查等多(duo)種途徑和(he)方式(shi),在決策之前和(he)決策實施(shi)之中開展廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)協商(shang)(shang)。涉(she)(she)及(ji)全國各族人(ren)(ren)民(min)利(li)益(yi)的(de)事(shi)情(qing),在全體(ti)人(ren)(ren)民(min)和(he)全社會中廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)商(shang)(shang)量(liang);涉(she)(she)及(ji)一個地方人(ren)(ren)民(min)群眾利(li)益(yi)的(de)事(shi)情(qing),在這(zhe)個地方的(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)群眾中廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)商(shang)(shang)量(liang);涉(she)(she)及(ji)一部分群眾利(li)益(yi)、特定(ding)群眾利(li)益(yi)的(de)事(shi)情(qing),在這(zhe)部分群眾中廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)商(shang)(shang)量(liang);涉(she)(she)及(ji)基層群眾利(li)益(yi)的(de)事(shi)情(qing),在基層群眾中廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)商(shang)(shang)量(liang)。
體(ti)(ti)系(xi)不斷健全。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)不斷完(wan)善協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主的(de)發展(zhan)路徑,探索形成(cheng)了政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、人(ren)大(da)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、基層(ceng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、社(she)會組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)渠道,推動(dong)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主廣泛多層(ceng)制度(du)化發展(zhan)。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)就(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)共全國(guo)(guo)代表大(da)會和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央委員會的(de)有關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)文件、憲法修改、有關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)法律(lv)的(de)制定和(he)修改、國(guo)(guo)家領導人(ren)建(jian)議人(ren)選(xuan)、國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)經濟和(he)社(she)會發展(zhan)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)長期(qi)規劃以及年度(du)經濟社(she)會發展(zhan)情況(kuang)、關(guan)系(xi)改革發展(zhan)穩定等(deng)重(zhong)要(yao)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)、統一戰線和(he)多黨(dang)(dang)合作的(de)重(zhong)大(da)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)等(deng),同民(min)(min)(min)(min)主黨(dang)(dang)派開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);人(ren)大(da)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)各(ge)級人(ren)大(da)在(zai)依法行使職(zhi)(zhi)權中(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)有關(guan)國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)、社(she)會組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)、專家學者、人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)各(ge)級政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)在(zai)履(lv)職(zhi)(zhi)盡責中(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)人(ren)大(da)代表、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)委員以及民(min)(min)(min)(min)主黨(dang)(dang)派、無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)派人(ren)士、相(xiang)關(guan)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)、社(she)會組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)以及群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)代表等(deng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)強溝通(tong)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)領導下,參(can)(can)加(jia)(jia)(jia)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)的(de)各(ge)黨(dang)(dang)派團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)、各(ge)族各(ge)界人(ren)士履(lv)行職(zhi)(zhi)能,圍繞(rao)改革發展(zhan)穩定重(zhong)大(da)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)等(deng),在(zai)決策之前和(he)決策實(shi)施(shi)之中(zhong)(zhong)廣泛協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)、凝聚共識(shi);人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)就(jiu)涉及群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)切(qie)身利(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)實(shi)際問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti),特(te)別是(shi)事(shi)(shi)關(guan)特(te)定群(qun)體(ti)(ti)權益(yi)(yi)保(bao)障的(de),加(jia)(jia)(jia)強與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)相(xiang)關(guan)部門的(de)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),積極(ji)(ji)參(can)(can)與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)活(huo)動(dong);基層(ceng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)基層(ceng)黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)、基層(ceng)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)、基層(ceng)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)性自治組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)、經濟社(she)會組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)和(he)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)等(deng),就(jiu)基層(ceng)社(she)會發展(zhan)及事(shi)(shi)關(guan)群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)切(qie)身利(li)益(yi)(yi)的(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang);社(she)會組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),是(shi)各(ge)類社(she)會組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)就(jiu)更好為社(she)會服務,積極(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)和(he)參(can)(can)與(yu)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。這七種協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)渠道,極(ji)(ji)大(da)豐(feng)富了民(min)(min)(min)(min)主形式、拓寬(kuan)了民(min)(min)(min)(min)主渠道、加(jia)(jia)(jia)深了民(min)(min)(min)(min)主內涵。
中國的協商民主,廣(guang)(guang)(guang)開言(yan)路,集思(si)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)益,促進不(bu)同(tong)思(si)想觀點的充分表(biao)達和(he)深入交流,做到(dao)相互尊重(zhong)、平等協商而(er)不(bu)強加于人,遵(zun)循規則、有序協商而(er)不(bu)各(ge)說各(ge)話,體諒包容、真誠協商而(er)不(bu)偏激偏執,形成(cheng)既暢所欲(yu)言(yan)、各(ge)抒己(ji)見,又理性有度、合法依章的良好(hao)協商氛圍,充分發(fa)揚了民主精神,廣(guang)(guang)(guang)泛凝聚了全社會共識,促進了社會和(he)諧(xie)穩定(ding)。
(三)民主決策
民(min)(min)主(zhu)決策(ce)(ce)是全過程人民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)一環。好的(de)決策(ce)(ce),反映人民(min)(min)意(yi)愿,保障人民(min)(min)權益,增進人民(min)(min)福祉。在中國(guo),察(cha)民(min)(min)情(qing)、聽民(min)(min)聲、順(shun)民(min)(min)意(yi),群(qun)策(ce)(ce)群(qun)力、集思廣(guang)益成為常態,越來(lai)越多(duo)來(lai)自基層的(de)聲音直達各級決策(ce)(ce)層,越來(lai)越多(duo)的(de)群(qun)眾(zhong)意(yi)見轉化為黨(dang)和政府的(de)重(zhong)大決策(ce)(ce)。
人大“開門立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”。各(ge)級人民(min)(min)代(dai)表大會及其(qi)常務委(wei)員會,堅持為民(min)(min)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、民(min)(min)主立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),保(bao)障人民(min)(min)通(tong)過各(ge)種途徑參與立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)活動,努力讓每一(yi)項(xiang)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)反(fan)映人民(min)(min)意(yi)(yi)愿、得(de)到人民(min)(min)擁(yong)護。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律立(li)項(xiang),通(tong)過召開座(zuo)談會、聽(ting)(ting)證(zheng)(zheng)會、論證(zheng)(zheng)會等(deng)方(fang)式,廣泛聽(ting)(ting)取意(yi)(yi)見(jian),讓人民(min)(min)的(de)意(yi)(yi)志(zhi)在立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)最初(chu)階段就得(de)到體現(xian);法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律草案(an)(an)起(qi)草,廣泛聽(ting)(ting)取公眾(zhong)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)和(he)(he)專業人士建議(yi),探索委(wei)托第三方(fang)起(qi)草法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規草案(an)(an),讓人民(min)(min)的(de)訴(su)求得(de)到充(chong)分體現(xian);法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律草案(an)(an)公布,通(tong)過網絡和(he)(he)新聞媒體,向社會各(ge)界廣泛征求意(yi)(yi)見(jian)。基層(ceng)群眾(zhong)通(tong)過基層(ceng)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)聯系(xi)點,直接參與法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律草案(an)(an)的(de)起(qi)草、立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)調(diao)研、修改論證(zheng)(zheng)、立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)后(hou)評估等(deng)多個環節(jie)。
政府(fu)“開(kai)門問策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)”。各級人(ren)民(min)(min)政府(fu)就(jiu)即將實(shi)施的(de)(de)重大決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)各方(fang)(fang)(fang)提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)重大決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)建議(yi),充分聽(ting)取各方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)意(yi)見(jian)(jian),保(bao)障人(ren)民(min)(min)群眾(zhong)通過(guo)多種途徑和(he)(he)形(xing)式參(can)與決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)啟動環節,人(ren)大代表、政協委員通過(guo)建議(yi)、提(ti)案(an)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式提(ti)出(chu)建議(yi),公(gong)(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)、法人(ren)和(he)(he)其他(ta)組(zu)織(zhi)提(ti)出(chu)書面(mian)建議(yi),決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)機關(guan)啟動決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)程序;在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)研究制(zhi)定(ding)環節,通過(guo)座談(tan)會、公(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)征求意(yi)見(jian)(jian)、聽(ting)證會、問卷調查、實(shi)地走訪等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式,廣(guang)泛聽(ting)取社(she)會各界特別是直接關(guan)系人(ren)的(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)建議(yi);在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)草案(an)公(gong)(gong)(gong)示環節,通過(guo)政府(fu)網站和(he)(he)各類媒體(ti),公(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)草案(an)及其說明材料;在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)最終確定(ding)環節,按照(zhao)民(min)(min)主集(ji)中制(zhi)原則(ze),在集(ji)體(ti)討論的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)作出(chu)決(jue)(jue)定(ding);在決(jue)(jue)策(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)后評估(gu)階段,聽(ting)取社(she)會公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾(zhong)意(yi)見(jian)(jian),吸(xi)收(shou)人(ren)大代表、政協委員、人(ren)民(min)(min)團體(ti)、基(ji)層組(zu)織(zhi)、社(she)會組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)(he)專家等參(can)與評估(gu)。
廣大群(qun)眾(zhong)參與基層(ceng)決策。基層(ceng)群(qun)眾(zhong)通過村(cun)(居(ju))民會(hui)議、村(cun)(居(ju))民代表會(hui)議、村(cun)(居(ju))民小組會(hui)議等(deng)(deng)形式,就經(jing)濟社會(hui)發展、基礎(chu)設施建(jian)設、社會(hui)綜合治理、基層(ceng)文化服務、生態環境(jing)保護(hu)、自治章程制定等(deng)(deng)基層(ceng)治理中的重(zhong)大問題提出意見建(jian)議,參與決策制定和實施。
(四)民主管理
人民(min)(min)(min)(min)的事(shi)(shi)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)管(guan),人民(min)(min)(min)(min)的事(shi)(shi)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)辦。在中國,廣大(da)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)弘揚主人翁精神,發揮主體(ti)作(zuo)用,積極行使民(min)(min)(min)(min)主權(quan)利,通過(guo)各種途徑和形(xing)式(shi),管(guan)理國家(jia)事(shi)(shi)務(wu),管(guan)理經濟和文化事(shi)(shi)業,管(guan)理社會事(shi)(shi)務(wu)。
參(can)與國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)治生(sheng)(sheng)活和(he)社會生(sheng)(sheng)活的管(guan)理。人民(min)行使憲法(fa)賦予(yu)的各項(xiang)權利并承(cheng)擔憲法(fa)賦予(yu)公(gong)民(min)的責任和(he)義務,積極主動參(can)加選舉、協商(shang)、決策、監督等(deng),在各個層(ceng)級、各個領域(yu)參(can)與國(guo)家(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)治生(sheng)(sheng)活和(he)社會生(sheng)(sheng)活的管(guan)理,知情權、參(can)與權、表達權、監督權得到有(you)力(li)保障。
城(cheng)鄉社(she)區(qu)民(min)(min)主管(guan)理。根(gen)據憲法法律和(he)(he)(he)有關(guan)規(gui)定,農村(cun)(cun)和(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)市社(she)區(qu)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)結(jie)合本地實際,由村(cun)(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)討論制定村(cun)(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)章程、村(cun)(cun)規(gui)民(min)(min)約、居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)公(gong)約等,明(ming)確規(gui)定村(cun)(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)的(de)權(quan)利和(he)(he)(he)義務(wu)(wu),村(cun)(cun)(社(she)區(qu))各類(lei)組(zu)織之間(jian)的(de)關(guan)系和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)作程序,以及經濟管(guan)理、社(she)會治(zhi)安、消防安全、環境衛生(sheng)、婚姻(yin)家庭、鄰里關(guan)系、計劃生(sheng)育、精神(shen)文明(ming)建設等方面的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)治(zhi)要求,普遍實現(xian)村(cun)(cun)(居(ju)(ju)(ju))民(min)(min)在基(ji)層公(gong)共事(shi)務(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)公(gong)益事(shi)業(ye)中的(de)自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)管(guan)理、自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)服務(wu)(wu)、自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)教(jiao)育、自(zi)(zi)(zi)我(wo)(wo)監督。
企(qi)(qi)事業單位民主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)理。全(quan)國超過(guo)1.5億市場主(zhu)體自主(zhu)經營、自我管(guan)(guan)理、活力迸發,承載7億多(duo)人就(jiu)業,推(tui)動了(le)中(zhong)國經濟總量、國家(jia)財(cai)力和社會(hui)財(cai)富穩定(ding)增長。根據憲法(fa)法(fa)律和有(you)(you)關規定(ding),企(qi)(qi)事業單位普(pu)遍建(jian)立以職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)代表大會(hui)為基(ji)本形式,以廠務公(gong)開制度(du)、職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)董事制度(du)、職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)監事制度(du)為主(zhu)要內容的民主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)理制度(du)。職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)通過(guo)這些民主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)理制度(du),參(can)與(yu)企(qi)(qi)事業單位管(guan)(guan)理,維護單位職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)合法(fa)權(quan)益(yi),實現單位與(yu)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)協商(shang)共(gong)(gong)事、機制共(gong)(gong)建(jian)、效益(yi)共(gong)(gong)創(chuang)、利益(yi)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)。目前,全(quan)國已建(jian)工(gong)(gong)會(hui)企(qi)(qi)業中(zhong),建(jian)立職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)代表大會(hui)的企(qi)(qi)業有(you)(you)314.4萬家(jia),其中(zhong),非(fei)公(gong)有(you)(you)制企(qi)(qi)業293.8萬家(jia)、占93.4%。
社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組(zu)織(zhi)民(min)主管(guan)理(li)。社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)團(tuan)體、基金會(hui)(hui)(hui)、社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)服務機構等社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組(zu)織(zhi),普遍制定章程,加強組(zu)織(zhi)成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理(li),自主開展活動,集中(zhong)組(zu)織(zhi)成(cheng)員(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)服務對象的意見建(jian)議,以組(zu)織(zhi)化的方式(shi)積(ji)極參與社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公(gong)共事(shi)務治(zhi)理(li),在(zai)行(xing)業自律、社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)服務、慈善事(shi)業等領域發揮(hui)民(min)主管(guan)理(li)作用。截至(zhi)2021年(nian)11月,各級(ji)民(min)政部(bu)門共登記社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組(zu)織(zhi)超過90萬家,其(qi)中(zhong)全國性社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組(zu)織(zhi)2284家。形式(shi)多樣的社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)組(zu)織(zhi)成(cheng)為人民(min)民(min)主管(guan)理(li)的重(zhong)要(yao)領域。
(五)民主監督
全面有效的(de)(de)民(min)主監(jian)督(du),保證(zheng)人民(min)的(de)(de)民(min)主權利不因選舉結(jie)束而中斷(duan),保證(zheng)權力運(yun)用得到(dao)(dao)有效制約(yue)。在中國(guo),解決權力濫用、以(yi)權謀私的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),不能靠(kao)所(suo)謂的(de)(de)政黨輪替和三權分立,要靠(kao)科(ke)學(xue)有效的(de)(de)民(min)主監(jian)督(du)。中國(guo)結(jie)合(he)本國(guo)實際,探索構建起一套有機貫通、相(xiang)互協(xie)調(diao)的(de)(de)監(jian)督(du)體系(xi),形成了配置科(ke)學(xue)、權責協(xie)同、運(yun)行高效的(de)(de)監(jian)督(du)網,對(dui)權力的(de)(de)監(jian)督(du)逐步(bu)延伸到(dao)(dao)每個(ge)領域、每個(ge)角落。
人(ren)大(da)監督(du)(du)。人(ren)民代表大(da)會充分發揮作用(yong),對(dui)憲(xian)法(fa)法(fa)律的(de)實施、重大(da)決策部署的(de)落實等(deng)開(kai)展監督(du)(du)。各級(ji)人(ren)大(da)及其常委會加強對(dui)“一(yi)(yi)府一(yi)(yi)委兩院”執(zhi)法(fa)、監察(cha)、司法(fa)工(gong)作的(de)監督(du)(du),確保(bao)法(fa)律法(fa)規得到有效(xiao)實施,確保(bao)行(xing)政(zheng)權、監察(cha)權、審判權、檢(jian)察(cha)權得到正確行(xing)使。人(ren)民通(tong)過人(ren)大(da)代表座(zuo)談會、基(ji)層群眾座(zuo)談會、問卷調查、網絡調研(yan)等(deng)“開(kai)門監督(du)(du)”的(de)形式,積極參與(yu)人(ren)大(da)監督(du)(du)工(gong)作。
民主監(jian)督(du)(du)(du)。中(zhong)國(guo)共產黨(dang)(dang)支持民主黨(dang)(dang)派和(he)(he)(he)無(wu)黨(dang)(dang)派人士在堅持四(si)項(xiang)基本原(yuan)則基礎上,在政(zheng)治協(xie)商(shang)、調研(yan)考察,參與(yu)黨(dang)(dang)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)家有關重大方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)、決策(ce)(ce)部(bu)署執(zhi)行(xing)和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)施(shi)情況的監(jian)督(du)(du)(du)檢查,受黨(dang)(dang)委(wei)委(wei)托就(jiu)有關重大問(wen)題(ti)進行(xing)專項(xiang)監(jian)督(du)(du)(du)等(deng)工(gong)作中(zhong),通過(guo)提出(chu)意(yi)見、批評、建(jian)議(yi)(yi)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)式(shi),進行(xing)民主監(jian)督(du)(du)(du)。參加人民政(zheng)協(xie)的各黨(dang)(dang)派團(tuan)體和(he)(he)(he)各族各界人士在政(zheng)協(xie)組織的各種活(huo)動中(zhong),依據政(zheng)協(xie)章程,重點(dian)就(jiu)黨(dang)(dang)和(he)(he)(he)國(guo)家重大方(fang)(fang)針(zhen)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)和(he)(he)(he)重要決策(ce)(ce)部(bu)署的貫徹落實(shi)情況,以提出(chu)意(yi)見、批評、建(jian)議(yi)(yi)的方(fang)(fang)式(shi)進行(xing)協(xie)商(shang)式(shi)監(jian)督(du)(du)(du),協(xie)助黨(dang)(dang)和(he)(he)(he)政(zheng)府解決問(wen)題(ti)、改進工(gong)作、增進團(tuan)結、凝心聚力(li)。
行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)監(jian)督。國家行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)按照法定的權限、程序和(he)方式,對行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)自身的組織行(xing)(xing)(xing)為、行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為進行(xing)(xing)(xing)監(jian)督,包(bao)括(kuo)各行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)自上而下(xia)、自下(xia)而上以(yi)及相(xiang)互之(zhi)間進行(xing)(xing)(xing)的監(jian)督。
監察(cha)監督(du)。監察(cha)機關依法履行監察(cha)監督(du)職責,對(dui)公(gong)職人員政治(zhi)品行、行使(shi)公(gong)權力(li)和道德(de)操守情(qing)況進(jin)行監督(du)檢查,督(du)促有(you)關機關、單位加強對(dui)所屬公(gong)職人員的教育、管理、監督(du)。
司法監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)。審(shen)判機關(guan)和(he)檢察機關(guan)依照(zhao)法定(ding)職權(quan)和(he)程(cheng)序對人民(min)授權(quan)的國家公權(quan)力(li)進行監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)。司法監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)是黨和(he)國家監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)體系中強制(zhi)性程(cheng)度最(zui)高的一種監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)機制(zhi),是黨和(he)國家利用監(jian)(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)手(shou)段、維(wei)護公權(quan)力(li)正(zheng)確行使的“最(zui)后一道(dao)防線(xian)”。
審計(ji)(ji)監督。審計(ji)(ji)機(ji)關依法(fa)對本(ben)級(ji)各部門和下(xia)級(ji)政(zheng)府預算的執行情況和決算以及其(qi)他財政(zheng)收支情況,進行審計(ji)(ji)監督。
財(cai)會監(jian)督。財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)部門根據法律(lv)授權,對(dui)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)、財(cai)務、會計管(guan)理(li)的法律(lv)、行政(zheng)(zheng)法規(gui)、部門規(gui)章(zhang)等執(zhi)行情況進(jin)行監(jian)督。
統(tong)計(ji)(ji)監督。統(tong)計(ji)(ji)部門及(ji)負有統(tong)計(ji)(ji)調(diao)查職(zhi)責的相關機關,對所有行使統(tong)計(ji)(ji)權力、負有統(tong)計(ji)(ji)義務的組織和人(ren)員進行監督,防范和懲治統(tong)計(ji)(ji)造假、弄虛作假,確保統(tong)計(ji)(ji)資(zi)料真實準確、完整及(ji)時,為經濟(ji)社(she)會發展提供(gong)扎實的統(tong)計(ji)(ji)保障。
群眾監(jian)督(du)。公民(min)、法(fa)人(ren)或者其(qi)他組(zu)織通過(guo)各(ge)種方式,對各(ge)級國家(jia)機關(guan)及(ji)其(qi)組(zu)成人(ren)員履職(zhi)情況進行監(jian)督(du),既(ji)可(ke)以依法(fa)申請行政(zheng)復議、提起行政(zheng)訴訟,也(ye)有權向監(jian)察(cha)機關(guan)檢舉(ju)控(kong)告監(jian)察(cha)對象不依法(fa)履職(zhi),違(wei)反秉公用權、廉潔從(cong)政(zheng)從(cong)業(ye)以及(ji)道德(de)操守等規定(ding),涉嫌(xian)職(zhi)務違(wei)法(fa)、職(zhi)務犯罪行為(wei)。
輿論監(jian)督(du)(du)。媒體充(chong)分發揮輿論監(jian)督(du)(du)作用,對(dui)濫用公權、失職瀆職等(deng)行為及(ji)時揭露曝光。隨(sui)著(zhu)互聯網(wang)的(de)快速發展,人們(men)更多地借助網(wang)絡等(deng)平臺,對(dui)各級國家機關和(he)公職人員提出意(yi)見(jian)、建議和(he)批評(ping),網(wang)絡在輿論監(jian)督(du)(du)中(zhong)發揮著(zhu)越來越重要的(de)作用。
四、廣泛真實管用的民主
完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度程序(xu)和(he)完(wan)(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)實(shi)踐,使全過程人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主從(cong)價值理(li)念(nian)成為扎根中(zhong)國大(da)(da)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度形態、治理(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)人(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活方式(shi)。人(ren)民(min)(min)當(dang)家作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)主,具(ju)體(ti)(ti)地(di)、現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)地(di)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在黨(dang)治國理(li)政的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策措施上,具(ju)體(ti)(ti)地(di)、現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)地(di)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在黨(dang)和(he)國家機(ji)關各個(ge)方面各個(ge)層(ceng)級工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上,具(ju)體(ti)(ti)地(di)、現(xian)(xian)(xian)實(shi)地(di)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)民(min)(min)對美好生(sheng)活向往的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上。民(min)(min)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陽(yang)光照耀中(zhong)華大(da)(da)地(di),中(zhong)國人(ren)民(min)(min)享(xiang)有廣泛充(chong)分、真實(shi)具(ju)體(ti)(ti)、有效管用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主。
(一)人民享有(you)廣泛(fan)權利
中國(guo)憲法(fa)規定(ding),國(guo)家的(de)一(yi)切權(quan)力(li)(li)屬于人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min);人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)依(yi)照法(fa)律規定(ding),通過各種途(tu)徑(jing)和(he)(he)形式,管理(li)國(guo)家事(shi)務(wu),管理(li)經濟(ji)和(he)(he)文化(hua)事(shi)業(ye),管理(li)社會事(shi)務(wu)。中國(guo)的(de)政治權(quan)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)依(yi)據地位、財富、關(guan)系分配的(de),而是(shi)全體(ti)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)平等享有(you)的(de)。國(guo)家權(quan)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)為資(zi)本服務(wu)的(de),而是(shi)為人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)服務(wu)的(de)。
中國實行公有制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)、多種(zhong)所有制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)共同發展,按勞分(fen)配為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)、多種(zhong)分(fen)配方式并存,社(she)會主(zhu)義市場經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)等社(she)會主(zhu)義基本經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)度,國民經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)命脈牢牢掌握(wo)在(zai)人民手中,人民當家作(zuo)主(zhu)具有堅(jian)實經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)基礎和物質(zhi)保障。
在中國(guo)(guo)(guo),人(ren)民依法享(xiang)有(you)(you)選(xuan)舉權(quan)(quan)和被選(xuan)舉權(quan)(quan),享(xiang)有(you)(you)對國(guo)(guo)(guo)家和社會(hui)事(shi)(shi)務的(de)知情權(quan)(quan)、參與(yu)權(quan)(quan)、表達(da)權(quan)(quan)、監督權(quan)(quan),享(xiang)有(you)(you)對任何國(guo)(guo)(guo)家機關和國(guo)(guo)(guo)家工作人(ren)員提出批評和建議的(de)權(quan)(quan)利(li),享(xiang)有(you)(you)言論(lun)、出版、集會(hui)、結社、游行、示威、宗教信仰(yang)等自由(you)。人(ren)民既廣泛參與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家、社會(hui)事(shi)(shi)務和經濟文化事(shi)(shi)業的(de)管(guan)理,也在日常生活中廣泛充分行使民主權(quan)(quan)利(li),每個(ge)人(ren)都有(you)(you)多重(zhong)民主角色(se),都享(xiang)有(you)(you)相應民主權(quan)(quan)利(li)。
在中國(guo),人(ren)(ren)權(quan)(quan)得到(dao)充分尊重和(he)有效保(bao)障。人(ren)(ren)民(min)幸福生活是(shi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)權(quan)(quan)。中國(guo)經濟保(bao)持長期穩定(ding)快速發展,人(ren)(ren)民(min)生活顯著改善(shan)。中國(guo)建成(cheng)世界上(shang)規模最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)社會保(bao)障體系,基本(ben)醫療保(bao)險(xian)覆(fu)(fu)蓋超過13億人(ren)(ren)、基本(ben)養老保(bao)險(xian)覆(fu)(fu)蓋超過10億人(ren)(ren)。中國(guo)全面(mian)建成(cheng)小康(kang)社會,14億多(duo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)徹底(di)擺(bai)脫了絕對貧困,正邁向共(gong)同富裕。中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)獲得感、幸福感、安全感不(bu)斷(duan)提升,生存權(quan)(quan)、發展權(quan)(quan)、健康(kang)權(quan)(quan)得到(dao)充分保(bao)障,經濟、政治(zhi)、文化、社會、環(huan)境(jing)等(deng)方面(mian)權(quan)(quan)利不(bu)斷(duan)發展。
中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)民享(xiang)有的權利不斷(duan)豐富發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。從新(xin)(xin)中國(guo)成(cheng)立后在政治、經濟平等基礎上(shang)謀求生存發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),到改革開放后既(ji)追求物質富裕(yu)也(ye)追求精神富足(zu),再到新(xin)(xin)時代打贏脫貧攻堅戰、全(quan)面建(jian)成(cheng)小康(kang)社(she)會、扎(zha)實推進共同富裕(yu)、取得(de)抗(kang)擊新(xin)(xin)冠肺炎(yan)疫情重(zhong)大戰略成(cheng)果,中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)民享(xiang)有權利的內涵不斷(duan)豐富、外延不斷(duan)拓展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),向著實現(xian)人(ren)(ren)的全(quan)面發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不斷(duan)邁進。
(二(er))人民民主參與不斷擴大
人民(min)只有(you)在投(tou)票(piao)時(shi)被喚醒(xing)、投(tou)票(piao)后就進入休眠期,只有(you)競選時(shi)聆聽天花亂墜的口號、競選后就毫無發(fa)言權,只有(you)拉(la)票(piao)時(shi)受寵、選舉后就被冷落,這(zhe)樣的民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)不是真(zhen)正的民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)。在中國,民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)觀念深(shen)入人心,人民(min)的民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)參與廣泛(fan)持續,民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)實踐深(shen)深(shen)融入人們(men)的日常工作和(he)生產生活(huo),民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)蔚(yu)然(ran)成風,社會充滿活(huo)力(li)。
人民(min)(min)參(can)與民(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)意愿(yuan)不斷增強,參(can)與的(de)廣度和深度不斷拓展(zhan)。人民(min)(min)既(ji)參(can)與國家(jia)和社(she)會(hui)事(shi)務管(guan)理(li),又(you)參(can)與經濟和文化事(shi)業管(guan)理(li);既(ji)參(can)與國家(jia)發展(zhan)頂層(ceng)設計的(de)意見建議(yi)征詢,又(you)參(can)與地方公(gong)共事(shi)務治理(li);既(ji)參(can)與民(min)(min)主(zhu)選舉(ju)、民(min)(min)主(zhu)協商,又(you)參(can)與民(min)(min)主(zhu)決(jue)策、民(min)(min)主(zhu)管(guan)理(li)、民(min)(min)主(zhu)監督;既(ji)通(tong)過(guo)人大(da)、政協等渠道表達意愿(yuan),又(you)通(tong)過(guo)社(she)會(hui)組(zu)織、網絡等平臺表達訴求。從“數(shu)(shu)豆豆”(注②)到電子(zi)投票,從群眾跑(pao)腿到“數(shu)(shu)據跑(pao)路”,民(min)(min)主(zhu)參(can)與的(de)形(xing)式不斷創新、渠道不斷拓展(zhan)。黨(dang)和國家(jia)要(yao)做什(shen)么、如何(he)做、做得怎么樣,人民(min)(min)參(can)與貫穿始(shi)終。
人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)利(li)益要求既能(neng)暢(chang)通(tong)表(biao)(biao)達,也能(neng)有效(xiao)實(shi)現(xian)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu),起始于人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)充(chong)分(fen)表(biao)(biao)達,落(luo)實(shi)于人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)有效(xiao)實(shi)現(xian)。人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)只能(neng)表(biao)(biao)達、不能(neng)實(shi)現(xian),不是真(zhen)正意(yi)(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)。在中國(guo),人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)期盼、希望(wang)和(he)訴求,從國(guo)家大(da)政方針,到社會治理,再到百姓衣食住行(xing),有地方說、說了有人(ren)(ren)聽(ting)、聽(ting)了有反饋。人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)和(he)呼聲(sheng),經(jing)過(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)決策程序成為黨(dang)和(he)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)方針政策,并通(tong)過(guo)中央、省、市、縣(xian)、鄉鎮各(ge)個層(ceng)級的(de)(de)(de)緊密配(pei)合、層(ceng)層(ceng)落(luo)實(shi),通(tong)過(guo)各(ge)個職(zhi)能(neng)部(bu)門之(zhi)間主(zhu)管、主(zhu)辦、協(xie)管、協(xie)辦的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)工合作、協(xie)調配(pei)合,通(tong)過(guo)決策、執行(xing)、檢查、監督、問責(ze)等各(ge)個環節的(de)(de)(de)相互配(pei)合、有機銜接(jie),轉化為實(shi)現(xian)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)具體實(shi)踐(jian)。對于涉及自身(shen)利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際問題,人(ren)(ren)們通(tong)過(guo)信(xin)(xin)訪平臺、領導信(xin)(xin)箱、政務熱線、網絡(luo)“留言(yan)板”等提出意(yi)(yi)見和(he)訴求,能(neng)夠得到及時反饋和(he)回應。
(三)國家治理高效(xiao)
民(min)(min)(min)主與國(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)理緊密相關。民(min)(min)(min)主的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)與國(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)理的(de)(de)現(xian)代化相伴(ban)相生,相互作用(yong),相互促進。絕無國(guo)家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)理“失靈”“低(di)效”,國(guo)內問題成堆,民(min)(min)(min)主卻是“世(shi)界樣板(ban)”的(de)(de)荒謬現(xian)象(xiang)。好的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主一(yi)定(ding)是實現(xian)良政善治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de),一(yi)定(ding)是推動(dong)國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)質量,促(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)進了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)能,提升了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)治(zhi)理(li)體系和(he)(he)治(zhi)理(li)能力(li)現代(dai)化水平(ping)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu),充(chong)(chong)分彰顯了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體地(di)位(wei),極(ji)大(da)增強(qiang)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)翁意識,人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)既是民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參與(yu)者,也是民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受益者,智慧力(li)量充(chong)(chong)分激(ji)發(fa)(fa),既為自(zi)己也為國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)、民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)拼(pin)搏奮(fen)斗。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu),有(you)效(xiao)調(diao)節國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)關(guan)系,發(fa)(fa)展充(chong)(chong)滿活(huo)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)黨關(guan)系、民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)關(guan)系、宗教關(guan)系、階層關(guan)系、海(hai)內外同(tong)胞關(guan)系,增強(qiang)民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)凝聚力(li),最(zui)大(da)限度(du)避免了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)牽扯(che),切(qie)實防止(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)掣肘(zhou)、內耗嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象,形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)安定團結的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)局面和(he)(he)團結干事的(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)大(da)合力(li)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu),把黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)意志、人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)意愿緊密融合在一起(qi),使得黨、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)成(cheng)為目標相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)、利(li)益一致、相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)交(jiao)融、同(tong)心同(tong)向的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體,產生極(ji)大(da)耦合力(li),形成(cheng)集中(zhong)(zhong)力(li)量辦(ban)大(da)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)優勢,有(you)效(xiao)促(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)進了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)社會生產力(li)解(jie)放和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展,促(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)進了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)現代(dai)化建設(she)各項事業,促(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)進了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)質量和(he)(he)水平(ping)不斷提高(gao)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)主(zhu),始終(zhong)把中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)利(li)益放在第一位(wei),有(you)效(xiao)維(wei)護了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)獨立自(zi)主(zhu),有(you)效(xiao)維(wei)護了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)主(zhu)權、安全、發(fa)(fa)展利(li)益,有(you)效(xiao)維(wei)護了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)福祉(zhi)。
新中(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)70多年來(lai),黨團結(jie)帶領(ling)人民(min)(min)(min)(min),不(bu)斷戰勝前進(jin)道路上各種世(shi)所(suo)罕(han)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱難險阻,成(cheng)功走出中(zhong)國(guo)式現代化道路,取得舉(ju)世(shi)矚目的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)就,中(zhong)國(guo)經濟實力(li)、綜(zong)合國(guo)力(li)、人民(min)(min)(min)(min)生活(huo)水(shui)平(ping)顯著提(ti)升。對于中(zhong)國(guo)這樣一個人口多、體量大、人均資(zi)源稟賦處(chu)于世(shi)界較低水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)國(guo)家,沒有人民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)人翁地(di)位和(he)主(zhu)(zhu)人翁精神,沒有億萬人民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)團結(jie)奮斗(dou),實現這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展是不(bu)可能的(de)(de)(de)(de)。中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu),真正把(ba)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展為了人民(min)(min)(min)(min)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展依(yi)靠人民(min)(min)(min)(min)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)展成(cheng)果由人民(min)(min)(min)(min)共享落到(dao)實處(chu),充分(fen)調(diao)動起人民(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)觀能動性,這是中(zhong)國(guo)之(zhi)治的(de)(de)(de)(de)“密碼”,是中(zhong)國(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量。
(四(si))社會和諧(xie)穩定
民(min)主是(shi)人類社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)進步的產物和(he)標志(zhi)。發展(zhan)民(min)主,要推(tui)動社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)向著自由、平等、公正(zheng)(zheng)、文明、團結、和(he)諧的方向前行。好(hao)的民(min)主,應凝聚(ju)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)共識(shi),而不(bu)是(shi)造成社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)撕(si)裂和(he)沖突;應維護(hu)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)公平正(zheng)(zheng)義,而不(bu)是(shi)導致社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)階層和(he)利益固化;應保(bao)持社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)穩定有序,而不(bu)是(shi)帶來混(hun)亂和(he)動蕩;應讓(rang)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)充(chong)(chong)滿向美向善向上的正(zheng)(zheng)能量(liang),而不(bu)是(shi)充(chong)(chong)斥假(jia)惡(e)丑的負(fu)能量(liang)。
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)情復雜,治理難度世所罕(han)見(jian)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主,實現各方(fang)面(mian)意(yi)志和利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)協調統一(yi),實現各方(fang)面(mian)在共同思想、共同利(li)益、共同目標基(ji)礎上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)團結一(yi)致,人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)安(an)居樂業、心情舒暢(chang),社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)和諧(xie)穩定、生(sheng)(sheng)機勃勃。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)用幾(ji)十(shi)年時(shi)間走過了(le)西方(fang)發達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)幾(ji)百年走過的(de)(de)(de)工業化歷(li)程(cheng),在劇(ju)烈的(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)變革中(zhong),沒(mei)有發生(sheng)(sheng)后發國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)在現代化進(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong)容易出現的(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)動蕩(dang),不僅(jin)創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)了(le)經(jing)濟(ji)快(kuai)速發展奇跡,也創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)了(le)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)長期穩定奇跡。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)經(jing)歷(li)了(le)幾(ji)千年歷(li)史上(shang)個人(ren)(ren)自由(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)發展,思想可以自由(you)(you)地表(biao)達(da),人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)可以自由(you)(you)地流(liu)(liu)動,億(yi)萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)源泉(quan)充分涌流(liu)(liu)、創(chuang)(chuang)造(zao)(zao)活力競相迸(beng)發。今天的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo),人(ren)(ren)們自由(you)(you)自在地穿梭于城(cheng)鄉(xiang)之間、城(cheng)市之間;每(mei)天有1.6萬(wan)(wan)戶企業誕生(sheng)(sheng);10億(yi)網民(min)(min)(min)通過網絡了(le)解天下大(da)事、進(jin)行交流(liu)(liu)、表(biao)達(da)觀點(dian)……中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)開放自由(you)(you),但始終保持(chi)了(le)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)團結和諧(xie)、穩定有序。人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)主既是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)器(qi),也是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)潤滑(hua)劑。
(五)權(quan)力運用得到(dao)有效制約和監督(du)
權(quan)力(li)是把“雙刃劍”。權(quan)力(li)在(zai)有效制約(yue)和(he)監督下運(yun)行(xing)才能實(shi)現民(min)(min)主、造福(fu)人(ren)民(min)(min),權(quan)力(li)失去約(yue)束、恣意(yi)妄為(wei)必然破壞民(min)(min)主、危害人(ren)民(min)(min)。中國(guo)不(bu)斷加強對權(quan)力(li)運(yun)行(xing)的制約(yue)和(he)監督,始終堅持公權(quan)力(li)姓(xing)公,始終堅持權(quan)為(wei)民(min)(min)所用,確保人(ren)民(min)(min)賦予的權(quan)力(li)始終用來為(wei)人(ren)民(min)(min)謀幸福(fu)。
把權(quan)力(li)關(guan)進(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)籠子里(li)。加強對權(quan)力(li)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)和(he)監督(du)(du)(du),制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)具有(you)根本(ben)性、全(quan)(quan)局性、穩定(ding)性和(he)長期性。持續推進(jin)依規治(zhi)黨(dang)(dang),持續推進(jin)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)國(guo)(guo)、依法(fa)(fa)(fa)執(zhi)政(zheng)、依法(fa)(fa)(fa)行政(zheng),依法(fa)(fa)(fa)設定(ding)權(quan)力(li)、規范(fan)權(quan)力(li)、制(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)權(quan)力(li)、監督(du)(du)(du)權(quan)力(li),讓(rang)權(quan)力(li)在(zai)陽光下運行。健(jian)全(quan)(quan)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)黨(dang)(dang)內(nei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)體系,嚴(yan)明紀(ji)律規矩(ju),使(shi)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)各級(ji)組織和(he)黨(dang)(dang)員干部(bu)都在(zai)紀(ji)律規矩(ju)范(fan)圍內(nei)活動。普遍(bian)實行領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)干部(bu)任期制(zhi)(zhi),實現了國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)和(he)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)層的(de)有(you)序更替(ti)。加強對領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)干部(bu)特(te)(te)別(bie)是高級(ji)領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)干部(bu)的(de)管理,嚴(yan)格規范(fan)工作(zuo)和(he)生活待遇,堅決防止(zhi)形成特(te)(te)權(quan)階層。健(jian)全(quan)(quan)黨(dang)(dang)和(he)國(guo)(guo)家監督(du)(du)(du)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),堅持和(he)完(wan)(wan)善(shan)黨(dang)(dang)和(he)國(guo)(guo)家監督(du)(du)(du)體系,完(wan)(wan)善(shan)黨(dang)(dang)務(wu)、政(zheng)務(wu)、司法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)各領(ling)(ling)域辦(ban)事公開(kai)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),保(bao)證黨(dang)(dang)和(he)國(guo)(guo)家領(ling)(ling)導(dao)(dao)機(ji)關(guan)和(he)人員在(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)的(de)“權(quan)力(li)清單”和(he)“責任清單”范(fan)圍內(nei)、依照法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)程序開(kai)展工作(zuo),最(zui)大限度(du)防止(zhi)權(quan)力(li)出軌、個人尋租(zu)。
堅(jian)決(jue)反對和懲治腐(fu)(fu)敗。腐(fu)(fu)敗是人(ren)民民主的大敵。中國以“得罪千百人(ren)、不(bu)負十四億”的鮮明態(tai)度(du),堅(jian)定不(bu)移推(tui)(tui)進(jin)反腐(fu)(fu)敗斗爭。堅(jian)持系(xi)統施治、標本兼(jian)治,不(bu)敢腐(fu)(fu)、不(bu)能腐(fu)(fu)、不(bu)想腐(fu)(fu)一(yi)體推(tui)(tui)進(jin),懲治震(zhen)懾(she)、制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)約束(shu)、提高覺悟一(yi)體發力。堅(jian)持反腐(fu)(fu)敗無禁(jin)區、全(quan)覆蓋、零容忍,堅(jian)持重(zhong)遏(e)制(zhi)(zhi)、強高壓、長震(zhen)懾(she),堅(jian)持受賄行(xing)賄一(yi)起查,堅(jian)持有(you)案(an)必查、有(you)腐(fu)(fu)必懲,以猛藥(yao)去(qu)疴、重(zhong)典(dian)治亂(luan)的決(jue)心(xin),以刮骨療毒、壯(zhuang)士斷腕的勇(yong)氣,堅(jian)定不(bu)移“打(da)虎”“拍蠅”“獵狐(hu)”,以雷(lei)霆之(zhi)勢、霹靂手段懲治腐(fu)(fu)敗,持續形成強大震(zhen)懾(she),反腐(fu)(fu)敗斗爭取得壓倒性勝利(li)并(bing)全(quan)面(mian)鞏固。在(zai)解決(jue)腐(fu)(fu)敗這個古今中外治國理政的頑疾方(fang)面(mian),中國不(bu)僅(jin)有(you)鮮明態(tai)度(du),更有(you)實際(ji)行(xing)動。
評判一(yi)種民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)形式好不好,實踐最有(you)說服力,人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)最有(you)發言權(quan),歸根結底(di)要看(kan)能不能讓人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)過上(shang)好日子(zi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)行不行、好不好,歸根結底(di)要看(kan)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)滿(man)意(yi)(yi)不滿(man)意(yi)(yi)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)擁護不擁護。有(you)數據(ju)顯示,近年來,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府的滿(man)意(yi)(yi)度每年都保持在90%以上(shang),這是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)具有(you)強大生命(ming)力最真(zhen)實的反映。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)道(dao)(dao)路走(zou)得(de)(de)通(tong)、走(zou)得(de)(de)好,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)將沿著這條道(dao)(dao)路堅定走(zou)下去。
五、豐富人類政治文明形態
民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)是人類社(she)會歷經(jing)千百年探索形(xing)成的(de)政治(zhi)形(xing)態(tai),在人類發展進程中(zhong)發揮了重要作用(yong)。但是,20世(shi)紀以來(lai),在波濤(tao)洶涌的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)化(hua)大潮中(zhong),有(you)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)停滯不前,有(you)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)陷入動蕩(dang),有(you)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)分崩離析。當今世(shi)界,既(ji)面(mian)臨“民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)過剩”“民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)超速”,也面(mian)臨“民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)赤字”“民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)失色(se)”。民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)怎么了?民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)還管(guan)用(yong)嗎(ma)?回答“民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)之問(wen)”,廓清“民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)迷思”,關乎世(shi)界和平(ping)發展,關乎人類文明未來(lai)。一些國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)化(hua)出現挫(cuo)折甚至危機(ji),并(bing)非民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)本身之錯,而(er)是民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)實踐出現了偏差。
中國的民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)歷(li)了(le)選擇(ze)、探索、實(shi)踐與發展(zhan)的艱辛歷(li)程。中國基于(yu)本國國情發展(zhan)全過(guo)程人民(min)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu),既有(you)著鮮明的中國特色,也體現了(le)全人類(lei)對民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的共同追求(qiu);既推動了(le)中國的發展(zhan)與中華(hua)民(min)族的復(fu)興,也豐(feng)富(fu)了(le)人類(lei)政治文明形態。
(一)為(wei)人(ren)類民主事業發展探索新(xin)的(de)路徑(jing)
一個國家在現(xian)(xian)代化進程中,實現(xian)(xian)民(min)主發展與政治穩(wen)定、社(she)會(hui)進步的(de)良性互動,極其(qi)重(zhong)要,也極為不易。
中國(guo)的(de)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua),沒有走西方(fang)老(lao)路,而是(shi)創造了(le)中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)現(xian)代(dai)化(hua)道路;沒有照(zhao)搬照(zhao)抄西方(fang)民主模(mo)式(shi)(shi),而是(shi)創造了(le)中國(guo)式(shi)(shi)民主。占(zhan)世界(jie)人口近五分(fen)之一的(de)14億多中國(guo)人民真(zhen)正實現(xian)當家作主,享有廣泛(fan)權利和自由,提振(zhen)了(le)發展中國(guo)家發展民主的(de)信心(xin),為人類(lei)民主事業發展探索了(le)新(xin)的(de)路徑。這(zhe)是(shi)中國(guo)對人類(lei)政治文明的(de)重大貢(gong)獻,也(ye)是(shi)人類(lei)社會的(de)巨大進步。
人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)當家(jia)作(zuo)主,是中(zhong)國民(min)(min)主的(de)初心(xin)。中(zhong)國在發展民(min)(min)主的(de)進程中(zhong),也走過(guo)(guo)彎(wan)路,遇(yu)到過(guo)(guo)挫(cuo)折,但始終堅守初心(xin),不(bu)動搖、不(bu)偏移、不(bu)走樣。今天的(de)中(zhong)國,人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)當家(jia)作(zuo)主的(de)內涵不(bu)斷(duan)豐富(fu)、渠道不(bu)斷(duan)拓(tuo)寬(kuan)、效能不(bu)斷(duan)提升,中(zhong)國民(min)(min)主不(bu)斷(duan)向(xiang)前推進。
樹立(li)正確的民主(zhu)觀,并一(yi)以貫之地堅持、發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與創(chuang)新(xin),是發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)民主(zhu)的首(shou)要(yao),是實現民主(zhu)的“總(zong)鑰匙”和“總(zong)開(kai)關”。真民主(zhu)、好民主(zhu),要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)人民當家作主(zhu),人民不(bu)僅有選(xuan)舉、投票的權(quan)利,也有廣泛參與的權(quan)利;不(bu)僅能表達自(zi)己的意愿(yuan),也能有效(xiao)實現;不(bu)僅推動國(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),也共享發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)成果。
(二)走(zou)符(fu)合國情的(de)民(min)主發(fa)展道路
民主(zhu)是(shi)多(duo)樣的,實(shi)(shi)現(xian)民主(zhu)的道路并非只有(you)一(yi)條。各國(guo)(guo)的歷史文化(hua)不同、現(xian)實(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)不同,民主(zhu)的形式選(xuan)擇必然不同。照(zhao)搬照(zhao)抄(chao)其他國(guo)(guo)家的民主(zhu)模式,必然導致水土不服、弊病叢生,甚(shen)至陷入政治動蕩、社會動亂(luan)、人民流離失所。
對中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)這樣一(yi)個大國(guo)來說,選擇什么樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主發(fa)展道路(lu)至關重要。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)注(zhu)重吸收借鑒人類政治(zhi)文明一(yi)切(qie)有益成果,但(dan)絕不(bu)(bu)照抄(chao)照搬別國(guo)民(min)(min)主模式;歡(huan)迎(ying)一(yi)切(qie)有益的(de)(de)(de)(de)建議和善意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)批評,但(dan)絕不(bu)(bu)接受“教(jiao)師爺”般頤指氣使的(de)(de)(de)(de)說教(jiao)。堅(jian)持(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主按照中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際來設(she)計和發(fa)展,堅(jian)定不(bu)(bu)移(yi)走符合(he)國(guo)情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主發(fa)展之路(lu),是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)民(min)(min)主發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條基本(ben)經驗。
中國(guo)發(fa)(fa)展民(min)(min)主(zhu),始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)立(li)足(zu)人口多、基礎(chu)弱、底(di)子薄的(de)基本國(guo)情(qing),正(zheng)確把握民(min)(min)主(zhu)與發(fa)(fa)展的(de)關系,始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)把發(fa)(fa)展作為第一(yi)要(yao)務,以民(min)(min)主(zhu)促進國(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)展、在(zai)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)展基礎(chu)上推(tui)(tui)進民(min)(min)主(zhu),不(bu)離開發(fa)(fa)展空談民(min)(min)主(zhu);始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傳承5000年(nian)中華文(wen)明,注重從(cong)中華優秀傳統(tong)文(wen)化中汲取智慧和養分;始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)準確把握中國(guo)所(suo)處的(de)歷史階段,緊密結合經濟社會發(fa)(fa)展水平推(tui)(tui)進民(min)(min)主(zhu),積極穩妥、穩中求(qiu)(qiu)進,不(bu)好高騖遠,不(bu)急(ji)于(yu)求(qiu)(qiu)成,不(bu)犯顛覆性錯誤;始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)堅持問題(ti)導向,不(bu)斷發(fa)(fa)現(xian)問題(ti)、善于(yu)解決(jue)問題(ti),每解決(jue)一(yi)個(ge)問題(ti)就把民(min)(min)主(zhu)建設向前推(tui)(tui)進一(yi)步,不(bu)斷推(tui)(tui)動民(min)(min)主(zhu)制度(du)體系更加(jia)成熟、更加(jia)定(ding)型(xing)。
世(shi)界上(shang)不存在完全相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制度,也不存在適用(yong)于一(yi)切國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制度模(mo)式(shi)。各(ge)國(guo)應根據(ju)自身(shen)特點選(xuan)(xuan)擇符合自身(shen)現代化發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)形態,學習借(jie)鑒而不是照(zhao)抄照(zhao)搬。適合的(de)(de)(de)就是最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)。只有扎根本國(guo)土(tu)壤、汲(ji)取充(chong)沛養分的(de)(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu),才能不斷發(fa)展完善,才最可靠也最管(guan)用(yong)。外部干涉和所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)“民(min)主(zhu)改造”貽害無窮。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)不尋求輸出中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)“民(min)主(zhu)模(mo)式(shi)”,也絕不接(jie)受(shou)任(ren)何(he)外部勢力企圖改變中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)制度模(mo)式(shi)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)堅定支持各(ge)國(guo)自主(zhu)選(xuan)(xuan)擇本國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)主(zhu)發(fa)展道路,反對外部勢力以“民(min)主(zhu)”為(wei)借(jie)口干涉他國(guo)內(nei)政(zheng)。
(三)推動(dong)國際關系民(min)主化
民(min)主(zhu)在一國(guo)(guo)內體(ti)現為人民(min)當家作主(zhu),在國(guo)(guo)家間(jian)則體(ti)現為國(guo)(guo)際關(guan)系民(min)主(zhu)化。一個國(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)尊嚴應該得(de)到(dao)尊重,主(zhu)權、安全和發展利益不應受到(dao)侵犯(fan)。以自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)評判他國(guo)(guo),甚至通過顏色革命、使(shi)用武力(li)迫使(shi)他國(guo)(guo)照搬自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)政治制度(du)、民(min)主(zhu)模式,這是(shi)反民(min)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)。
中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是民主(zhu)的(de)(de)忠實(shi)追(zhui)求者、積極(ji)推(tui)動(dong)者和模范實(shi)踐者,不但在本國(guo)(guo)積極(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)人民民主(zhu),而(er)且在國(guo)(guo)際上大力(li)推(tui)動(dong)國(guo)(guo)際關系(xi)(xi)(xi)民主(zhu)化(hua)。面對(dui)世界百年未有之大變局(ju),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)高(gao)舉和平(ping)(ping)、發展(zhan)(zhan)、合(he)(he)作、共(gong)(gong)贏的(de)(de)旗幟,提出構(gou)建人類(lei)命(ming)運共(gong)(gong)同(tong)體理念,推(tui)動(dong)建設相(xiang)互(hu)尊重、公(gong)平(ping)(ping)正義(yi)、合(he)(he)作共(gong)(gong)贏的(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)國(guo)(guo)際關系(xi)(xi)(xi)。面對(dui)全(quan)球范圍內經濟、科(ke)技等領域競爭,中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)不是把對(dui)方視(shi)為(wei)對(dui)手,而(er)是視(shi)為(wei)伙伴;不是搞(gao)冷(leng)戰(zhan)和對(dui)抗(kang)、控制和操縱,而(er)是促(cu)進交(jiao)流(liu)合(he)(he)作、實(shi)現互(hu)利共(gong)(gong)贏。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)積極(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)球伙伴關系(xi)(xi)(xi),構(gou)建總(zong)體穩定、均(jun)衡發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)大國(guo)(guo)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)框架,按照親(qin)誠(cheng)惠容理念和與(yu)鄰(lin)為(wei)善、以鄰(lin)為(wei)伴周邊(bian)外交(jiao)方針深化(hua)同(tong)周邊(bian)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)關系(xi)(xi)(xi),秉(bing)持正確義(yi)利觀(guan)和真(zhen)實(shi)親(qin)誠(cheng)理念加強同(tong)發展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)團結(jie)合(he)(he)作。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)推(tui)動(dong)共(gong)(gong)建“一帶一路(lu)”走深走實(shi),與(yu)其(qi)他國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)加強交(jiao)流(liu)合(he)(he)作、共(gong)(gong)享發展(zhan)(zhan)機遇,“一帶一路(lu)”成為(wei)廣受(shou)歡(huan)迎的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際公(gong)共(gong)(gong)產品。
當今世界,民(min)(min)主平等、公平正(zheng)義遠未實(shi)現。少數國(guo)(guo)家漠視國(guo)(guo)際(ji)公理、踐(jian)踏國(guo)(guo)際(ji)準則、違背(bei)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)民(min)(min)意,公然侵(qin)犯他(ta)(ta)國(guo)(guo)主權,干涉他(ta)(ta)國(guo)(guo)內政,動輒以(yi)大(da)欺小、恃強凌弱,把(ba)“地(di)球(qiu)村”變成弱肉強食的(de)(de)原始叢林(lin)。面對充滿挑戰的(de)(de)世界,各國(guo)(guo)應大(da)力弘(hong)揚民(min)(min)主精神,不論大(da)小、強弱、貧富(fu),在(zai)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)關系(xi)中(zhong)一(yi)律(lv)平等。大(da)國(guo)(guo)要(yao)(yao)有大(da)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)樣子(zi),要(yao)(yao)以(yi)人類前(qian)途命(ming)運(yun)為(wei)要(yao)(yao),對世界和平與發(fa)展(zhan)擔負(fu)更大(da)責任,而(er)不是(shi)依(yi)仗實(shi)力搞唯我獨尊、霸凌霸道。世界的(de)(de)命(ming)運(yun)應由各國(guo)(guo)人民(min)(min)共同掌握,國(guo)(guo)際(ji)規則應由各國(guo)(guo)共同制定,全球(qiu)事務應由各國(guo)(guo)共同治理,發(fa)展(zhan)成果應由各國(guo)(guo)共同分(fen)享。
(四(si))加強文明交(jiao)流互鑒
實現(xian)民(min)主(zhu)有多種方式(shi)(shi),不可(ke)能千篇一(yi)律。人(ren)類民(min)主(zhu)事業的(de)真正(zheng)阻礙,不是(shi)民(min)主(zhu)模式(shi)(shi)的(de)差異,而是(shi)對他國(guo)民(min)主(zhu)探(tan)索的(de)傲慢、偏見和敵視(shi),是(shi)把本國(guo)民(min)主(zhu)模式(shi)(shi)強加于(yu)人(ren)的(de)“唯我(wo)獨尊”。人(ren)類政治文(wen)(wen)明(ming)的(de)百(bai)花園之所以絢爛(lan)多彩,正(zheng)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)不同文(wen)(wen)明(ming)各(ge)有千秋。各(ge)國(guo)應堅持平(ping)等非(fei)歧(qi)視(shi)原則,相(xiang)互尊重彼此(ci)的(de)民(min)主(zhu)模式(shi)(shi),既(ji)致力于(yu)本國(guo)探(tan)索,又加強交流(liu)互鑒;既(ji)各(ge)美(mei)其(qi)美(mei),又美(mei)美(mei)與(yu)共(gong),共(gong)同推(tui)動(dong)人(ren)類文(wen)(wen)明(ming)向前發展。
“一(yi)(yi)人(ren)一(yi)(yi)票”是民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的一(yi)(yi)種形式,但絕非民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的唯一(yi)(yi)和全部。長期以來,民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)本義(yi)(yi)被少數國家異(yi)化歪曲,“一(yi)(yi)人(ren)一(yi)(yi)票”、政黨競爭等西方選舉制度被包裝成(cheng)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的唯一(yi)(yi)標準。少數國家把民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)作為政治工(gong)具,以同(tong)(tong)我即對、非我即錯(cuo)的霸權(quan)思維,以民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)名義(yi)(yi)干(gan)涉別(bie)國內政、侵(qin)犯(fan)別(bie)國主(zhu)(zhu)權(quan)、服務自身政治目的,打(da)著民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)旗號(hao)在世界上煽動對抗與(yu)分(fen)裂,加(jia)劇國際緊張局勢(shi),成(cheng)為世界亂(luan)源(yuan)。人(ren)類文(wen)明要繼(ji)續向前邁進,各(ge)國要實現和平共處、共同(tong)(tong)發展,必(bi)須探(tan)索民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)真諦,把民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)擦(ca)亮。
政(zheng)黨(dang)是(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)代國家(jia)治(zhi)(zhi)理中的重(zhong)(zhong)要主體,是(shi)(shi)推動(dong)人(ren)類社(she)會(hui)進步的重(zhong)(zhong)要力量(liang)。在人(ren)類文明(ming)發(fa)(fa)展的歷史潮流中,各國政(zheng)黨(dang)應本(ben)著對人(ren)類前途(tu)命運高度負責的態度,擔當起引領推動(dong)人(ren)類民(min)(min)主事業發(fa)(fa)展的責任,以民(min)(min)為本(ben),開(kai)放包容,求(qiu)同存異,相互尊重(zhong)(zhong),更好實現(xian)(xian)本(ben)國民(min)(min)主發(fa)(fa)展,更好實現(xian)(xian)人(ren)民(min)(min)幸(xing)福。中國共產黨(dang)愿繼續同各國政(zheng)黨(dang)和政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)組織一道,深化交流,加(jia)強互鑒(jian),共同促(cu)進人(ren)類社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展進步。
結束語
民(min)主沒有最好,只有更好。人類對民(min)主的探(tan)索和實踐永無止(zhi)境。
中(zhong)國(guo)的民主(zhu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)取得了顯著成就,同(tong)時(shi),與現代化(hua)(hua)建(jian)設(she)的新(xin)要求、與人(ren)(ren)(ren)民對民主(zhu)的新(xin)期待相(xiang)比(bi),中(zhong)國(guo)的民主(zhu)還需要不斷發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)完善。在(zai)全面建(jian)設(she)社會主(zhu)義現代化(hua)(hua)國(guo)家新(xin)征(zheng)程上,中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨將繼續高舉人(ren)(ren)(ren)民民主(zhu)旗幟,始終(zhong)堅持以人(ren)(ren)(ren)民為中(zhong)心(xin)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)思想,堅定不移推進(jin)全過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民民主(zhu),在(zai)不斷推動人(ren)(ren)(ren)的全面發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、全體(ti)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)同(tong)富裕中(zhong)實現民主(zhu)新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),讓民主(zhu)之樹根深葉茂、永遠(yuan)常青。
當今世界,正處(chu)于百年未(wei)有(you)之大(da)變(bian)局,既充(chong)滿機(ji)遇和(he)希望,也充(chong)滿風險和(he)挑(tiao)戰。只有(you)尊重各國人民(min)(min)自(zi)主(zhu)選擇的民(min)(min)主(zhu)道(dao)路,堅持和(he)平(ping)(ping)發展,維(wei)護公平(ping)(ping)正義,拓展民(min)(min)主(zhu)自(zi)由,提升人民(min)(min)幸(xing)福,才能匯聚全人類文明發展的強(qiang)大(da)合力,共(gong)同邁向更加美好的明天。
文明因(yin)交流而多彩,文明因(yin)互鑒而豐富。中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)愿同(tong)世界各國(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)一(yi)道(dao),弘揚和(he)平、發展(zhan)、公平、正(zheng)義、民(min)主、自由(you)的(de)全人(ren)(ren)類(lei)共(gong)同(tong)價值,本著相互尊重、求同(tong)存異的(de)精神,共(gong)同(tong)豐富發展(zhan)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)政(zheng)治文明,共(gong)同(tong)推動構建人(ren)(ren)類(lei)命運(yun)共(gong)同(tong)體。
(注①)八個民主(zhu)(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)派包括:中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)民黨(dang)(dang)革(ge)命委員會(hui)(hui)(簡稱“民革(ge)”)、中(zhong)國(guo)民主(zhu)(zhu)同(tong)盟(簡稱“民盟”)、中(zhong)國(guo)民主(zhu)(zhu)建國(guo)會(hui)(hui)(簡稱“民建”)、中(zhong)國(guo)民主(zhu)(zhu)促進會(hui)(hui)(簡稱“民進”)、中(zhong)國(guo)農工(gong)(gong)民主(zhu)(zhu)黨(dang)(dang)(簡稱“農工(gong)(gong)黨(dang)(dang)”)、中(zhong)國(guo)致公(gong)黨(dang)(dang)(簡稱“致公(gong)黨(dang)(dang)”)、九(jiu)三學社(she)、臺(tai)灣民主(zhu)(zhu)自治同(tong)盟(簡稱“臺(tai)盟”)。
(注②)新中國(guo)成(cheng)立前,在抗日(ri)根據(ju)地(di)、解放區的(de)(de)(de)廣大農村,中國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨開(kai)展了廣泛的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主選(xuan)(xuan)舉活動。當(dang)(dang)(dang)時,絕大多數(shu)農民(min)(min)是(shi)文盲,為了讓他們都能參(can)加選(xuan)(xuan)舉,中國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨使(shi)用了很多有(you)創(chuang)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)辦法,其中最為人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)傳頌的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)“豆(dou)(dou)選(xuan)(xuan)”,即用豆(dou)(dou)子(zi)代(dai)(dai)替選(xuan)(xuan)票,選(xuan)(xuan)民(min)(min)只要把豆(dou)(dou)子(zi)投(tou)到代(dai)(dai)表自己(ji)想要選(xuan)(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)候選(xuan)(xuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)碗里就可以了,最終以碗中豆(dou)(dou)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)多少(shao)決定(ding)誰當(dang)(dang)(dang)選(xuan)(xuan)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)時,很多地(di)方流傳著(zhu)這樣的(de)(de)(de)歌謠:“金豆(dou)(dou)豆(dou)(dou),銀豆(dou)(dou)豆(dou)(dou),豆(dou)(dou)豆(dou)(dou)不能隨便投(tou);選(xuan)(xuan)好人(ren)(ren)(ren),辦好事,投(tou)在好人(ren)(ren)(ren)碗里頭。”
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