工資收入 帶薪年假天數 醫療待遇退休后的養老金水平……
工(gong)齡(ling),聽起來好像(xiang)是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)來自上世紀的(de)名(ming)詞,有(you)著(zhu)強烈(lie)的(de)體制(zhi)內色彩。習慣了干一(yi)個(ge)(ge)月領一(yi)個(ge)(ge)月工(gong)資(zi)的(de)人(ren)們(men),并不怎么(me)重視這個(ge)(ge)問題,似乎只有(you)單位(wei)的(de)人(ren)事(shi)部門才會關心這個(ge)(ge)東西。可實際上,工(gong)齡(ling)與(yu)員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)待(dai)遇(yu)息(xi)息(xi)相關,除了在職(zhi)期間的(de)工(gong)資(zi)收入、帶薪(xin)年假天數、醫(yi)療待(dai)遇(yu)等之(zhi)外,還影響著(zhu)員(yuan)工(gong)退休之(zhi)后(hou)的(de)養(yang)老金(jin)水平。因此,工(gong)齡(ling)絕對(dui)不能忽視,員(yuan)工(gong)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)也要重視這個(ge)(ge)問題,保存好“證據”,不要讓(rang)工(gong)齡(ling)受(shou)損。
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡(ling)是指(zhi)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資收入為生(sheng)活的(de)全(quan)部(bu)或主要(yao)來源的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作時間。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡(ling)的(de)長(chang)短(duan)標志著職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)參加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作時間的(de)長(chang)短(duan),也反映了職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)對(dui)社會和企(qi)業的(de)貢獻大小和知識、經(jing)驗、技術熟練程(cheng)度的(de)高(gao)低。而工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡(ling)又(you)分為兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)叫(jiao)做(zuo)本企(qi)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡(ling),另(ling)一種(zhong)叫(jiao)做(zuo)連續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡(ling)。兩種(zhong)不同的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡(ling)計算方式(shi),在一些待(dai)遇認定上也會產(chan)生(sheng)不同的(de)影響(xiang)。
“視同繳費年限”關系養老金
在很多(duo)單(dan)位,尤其是機(ji)關(guan)、國企、事(shi)業單(dan)位等,工(gong)(gong)齡是跟工(gong)(gong)資和津貼等待(dai)(dai)遇直(zhi)接相關(guan)的,工(gong)(gong)資里面還有工(gong)(gong)齡工(gong)(gong)資這一項,一些待(dai)(dai)遇也是工(gong)(gong)齡越長,標準越高(gao)。
還(huan)有一(yi)個跟工(gong)(gong)齡相關(guan)的詞匯叫做“視(shi)同(tong)繳費年(nian)(nian)限(xian)”,這(zhe)(zhe)個名詞在計(ji)算將來的養老(lao)金待遇時可是(shi)至關(guan)重要的。也許現在的年(nian)(nian)輕人已經(jing)跟這(zhe)(zhe)個名詞沒有什么關(guan)系,所以(yi)也并不關(guan)注這(zhe)(zhe)個話題,但對(dui)于一(yi)些年(nian)(nian)齡稍長的人,尤(you)其是(shi)在1992年(nian)(nian)之前就參加工(gong)(gong)作的人來說(shuo),可是(shi)有重要意義的。說(shuo)得通(tong)俗一(yi)點就是(shi),雖然有些年(nian)(nian)頭你(ni)(ni)(ni)并沒有工(gong)(gong)作,沒有繳納過養老(lao)保險金,但是(shi)養老(lao)保險就當你(ni)(ni)(ni)繳過了,照(zhao)樣把(ba)這(zhe)(zhe)幾(ji)年(nian)(nian)算在你(ni)(ni)(ni)的繳費年(nian)(nian)限(xian)里給你(ni)(ni)(ni)發養老(lao)金。
因為這個制度是從1992年開(kai)始實施的,所以1992年之前就參加工作的人,在退休時都會涉及一個視同(tong)繳費年限認定的事情(qing)。
以下幾種情況,經過認定,都(dou)可作(zuo)為“視同(tong)繳費年限(xian)”,并且可以與實(shi)際“繳費年限(xian)”合并計發養老保(bao)險金(jin)。
機關事業(ye)單(dan)位正式職工調(diao)入企(qi)業(ye)后,應參加企(qi)業(ye)職工基本養老保險,其原(yuan)有的(de)工作(zuo)年(nian)限視同繳費年(nian)限;
復員(yuan)退伍(wu)軍人(ren)被招為合同制(zhi)工(gong)人(ren),且(qie)參加了基本養老保險的,其軍齡按國家規定計(ji)算為連續工(gong)齡的年限,可視同繳費年限;
城鎮下鄉知識(shi)青(qing)年被(bei)招(zhao)為合(he)同制工人,且參加(jia)了基本養老保(bao)險的,下鄉期(qi)間(jian)按國(guo)家規定計(ji)算為連續工齡的年限(xian),可視同繳費(fei)年限(xian)。
對(dui)于這(zhe)個視(shi)同(tong)繳(jiao)費年(nian)(nian)限,很多人(ren)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)期間并未重(zhong)視(shi),等(deng)到辦(ban)理退休時卻要為這(zhe)個東(dong)西跑斷腿,愁斷腸。因為職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)究竟是從哪年(nian)(nian)到哪年(nian)(nian)在(zai)哪個單位工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo),這(zhe)并不是由自己說了算的,這(zhe)個年(nian)(nian)限的認定一般要依靠職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)檔案(an)中記載的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)經歷來證明。那(nei)么,人(ren)事檔案(an)就顯得(de)尤為重(zhong)要。
記者接觸過一個例子:王女(nv)士(shi)就因為(wei)當年(nian)(nian)(nian)多(duo)次換工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因,導致檔案(an)在多(duo)個單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)之(zhi)間轉移(yi)。但中途有(you)(you)(you)一段(duan)3年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作經歷,因為(wei)她(ta)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)視檔案(an)問題,再加(jia)上(shang)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)人(ren)事(shi)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)一些工(gong)(gong)作疏(shu)(shu)忽,她(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檔案(an)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)進(jin)入(ru)這(zhe)(zhe)家(jia)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei),導致了檔案(an)中沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)記載那(nei)段(duan)工(gong)(gong)作年(nian)(nian)(nian)限。在后(hou)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)很多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian),誰都沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)現(xian)這(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)(you)什么不(bu)對勁,直(zhi)到(dao)(dao)王女(nv)士(shi)去年(nian)(nian)(nian)辦理(li)退(tui)休時,才發(fa)現(xian)當年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)(shu)漏竟然造成了她(ta)無(wu)法退(tui)休的(de)(de)(de)(de)尷尬局(ju)面。那(nei)段(duan)工(gong)(gong)作經歷是在上(shang)世紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai),屬于“視同繳費(fei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)限”,但這(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)繳費(fei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)認定是要看檔案(an)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de),她(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檔案(an)里卻沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)。如(ru)果放棄這(zhe)(zhe)3年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)繳費(fei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)限,養老(lao)金就會受到(dao)(dao)損失。遇到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況,王女(nv)士(shi)只能去找(zhao)原(yuan)來(lai)那(nei)家(jia)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei),可是那(nei)家(jia)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)早已破產倒閉,原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領導和(he)人(ren)事(shi)專員的(de)(de)(de)(de)下落也毫無(wu)頭緒(xu)。她(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)休就卡(ka)在了這(zhe)(zhe)個坎上(shang)。
現在的(de)社(she)保實際繳(jiao)費(fei)(fei)年限(xian)都有(you)社(she)保系(xi)統的(de)準確記錄(lu),交(jiao)了幾年的(de)錢,什么(me)時候交(jiao)的(de),交(jiao)了多(duo)少,全都一目了然(ran),清清楚(chu)楚(chu)。可這視同繳(jiao)費(fei)(fei)年限(xian),因(yin)為根(gen)本就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)一個(ge)沒(mei)交(jiao)錢卻(que)當你交(jiao)了的(de)“虛(xu)數”,所以認定時就(jiu)(jiu)復雜多(duo)了。需要提醒大(da)家的(de)是(shi),有(you)視同繳(jiao)費(fei)(fei)年限(xian)的(de)參保人員(yuan),一定要注意自己的(de)檔案問題,尤其是(shi)換(huan)工(gong)作或者失業期間,處(chu)理好自己的(de)人事(shi)檔案。
帶薪休假天數由工齡長短決定
對于在職職工(gong)來說,工(gong)齡直接(jie)影響(xiang)帶薪年(nian)(nian)假(jia)的天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)數(shu)(shu)。這個非(fei)常好理解,對于年(nian)(nian)假(jia)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)數(shu)(shu),《企業職工(gong)帶薪年(nian)(nian)休(xiu)假(jia)實施辦法》是這么(me)規(gui)定(ding)的:職工(gong)累計工(gong)作已(yi)(yi)(yi)滿1年(nian)(nian)不(bu)滿10年(nian)(nian)的,年(nian)(nian)休(xiu)假(jia)5天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian);已(yi)(yi)(yi)滿10年(nian)(nian)不(bu)滿20年(nian)(nian)的,年(nian)(nian)休(xiu)假(jia)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian);已(yi)(yi)(yi)滿20年(nian)(nian)的,年(nian)(nian)休(xiu)假(jia)15天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)。
需要注(zhu)意的是(shi),《企業職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)帶薪年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)假實施辦法》規(gui)定:年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)假天(tian)數根(gen)據職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)累(lei)計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)確(que)定。職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)或者不(bu)同(tong)(tong)用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作期間(jian)(jian),以(yi)及依照法律、行政法規(gui)或者國務院規(gui)定視同(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作期間(jian)(jian),應當(dang)(dang)計(ji)為累(lei)計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)。職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)新進用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)位(wei)且連續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作滿12個(ge)月以(yi)上的,享(xiang)受(shou)帶薪年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)假,當(dang)(dang)年(nian)度年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)假天(tian)數,按照在(zai)本單(dan)(dan)位(wei)剩余日歷天(tian)數折算(suan)確(que)定,折算(suan)后不(bu)足1整天(tian)的部分不(bu)享(xiang)受(shou)年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)假。也就(jiu)是(shi)說,休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)年(nian)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)假看累(lei)計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作年(nian)限(xian),如果一(yi)名(ming)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)新換了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作,之前在(zai)別的單(dan)(dan)位(wei)已經(jing)有一(yi)年(nian)以(yi)上的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作經(jing)歷了,但新單(dan)(dan)位(wei)說:“你剛來,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作還不(bu)滿一(yi)年(nian),不(bu)能休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)年(nian)假,”這個(ge)是(shi)不(bu)符合規(gui)定的。
連續工齡決定醫療期病假工資
工(gong)(gong)齡還跟病假(jia)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)待遇有關。職工(gong)(gong)患(huan)病或(huo)非因工(gong)(gong)負傷(shang)治療(liao)期(qi)間,在規(gui)定(ding)的醫療(liao)期(qi)間內由企業按有關規(gui)定(ding)支付其病假(jia)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)或(huo)疾病救濟費,病假(jia)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)或(huo)疾病救濟費可以低(di)(di)于當地最(zui)低(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)標準但不(bu)能(neng)低(di)(di)于最(zui)低(di)(di)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)標準的80%。
職工(gong)疾病(bing)或非因工(gong)負傷連(lian)續休假在6個月以內的企業應按(an)下列標準支(zhi)付疾病(bing)休假工(gong)資:
①連續(xu)工齡不滿(man)2年的,按本人工資的60%計發;
②連(lian)續工齡(ling)滿2年(nian)不滿4年(nian)的,按本人工資70%計發(fa);
③連續(xu)工(gong)(gong)齡滿4年(nian)不滿6年(nian)的,按本人工(gong)(gong)資的80%計發;
④連(lian)續工齡滿(man)6年(nian)(nian)不滿(man)8年(nian)(nian)的,按本(ben)人(ren)工資的90%計(ji)發;
⑤連續工(gong)齡滿8年及以上的,按本人(ren)工(gong)資(zi)的100%計(ji)發(fa)。
可見,病假待遇的高低,是與你(ni)的連續工齡(ling)息息相關的。
醫療期的計算也是依據(ju)(ju)工齡來的。企業(ye)職(zhi)工因患(huan)病或非因工負傷(shang),需要停止(zhi)工作醫療時,根據(ju)(ju)本人實際參加工作年(nian)限和(he)在本單(dan)位(wei)工作年(nian)限,給予3個(ge)(ge)月(yue)到24個(ge)(ge)月(yue)的醫療期:
實(shi)際工作年限(xian)10年以(yi)下(xia)的,在本單位工作年限(xian)5年以(yi)下(xia)的為3個月(yue);5年以(yi)上的為6個月(yue)。
實際工作年(nian)限10年(nian)以上的(de),在(zai)本單(dan)位工作年(nian)限5年(nian)以下(xia)的(de)為6個月;5年(nian)以上10年(nian)以下(xia)的(de)9個月。
10年(nian)(nian)以上15年(nian)(nian)以下(xia)的(de)為12個月(yue);15年(nian)(nian)以上20年(nian)(nian)以下(xia)的(de)為18個月(yue);20年(nian)(nian)以上的(de)為24個月(yue)。
經濟補償金按工齡長短算
如(ru)果員工(gong)(gong)跟單(dan)位“鬧掰”了,要(yao)被(bei)終止合同,工(gong)(gong)齡的(de)(de)長短直接決定著員工(gong)(gong)可(ke)以從單(dan)位這里領(ling)到多(duo)少錢的(de)(de)經(jing)濟補(bu)(bu)償金。經(jing)濟補(bu)(bu)償按勞(lao)動者在本單(dan)位工(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)年限,每滿(man)1年支付1個(ge)月工(gong)(gong)資(zi)的(de)(de)標(biao)準。6個(ge)月以上(shang)不(bu)滿(man)1年的(de)(de),按1年計算;不(bu)滿(man)6個(ge)月的(de)(de),向勞(lao)動者支付半(ban)個(ge)月工(gong)(gong)資(zi)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟補(bu)(bu)償。
不(bu)過,也不(bu)是所有的員工(gong)都(dou)可(ke)以被終(zhong)止合同。《勞(lao)(lao)動合同法》規定(ding)(ding),對在本單(dan)位連續(xu)工(gong)作滿(man)15年(nian),且距法定(ding)(ding)退(tui)休年(nian)齡(ling)不(bu)足5年(nian)的勞(lao)(lao)動者(zhe),用人(ren)單(dan)位不(bu)能依據《勞(lao)(lao)動合同法》第四(si)(si)十條、第四(si)(si)十一條規定(ding)(ding)的原因(yin)與勞(lao)(lao)動者(zhe)解除勞(lao)(lao)動合同。
存好工齡記錄待遇莫受損
太多(duo)的待遇與工(gong)(gong)齡(ling)息(xi)息(xi)相關(guan),因(yin)此,員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)就要充分重視自己的工(gong)(gong)齡(ling)問題,千萬不(bu)要讓工(gong)(gong)齡(ling)受到損失。需要做的就是(shi):
首(shou)先,要保存好(hao)(hao)有關工(gong)作經歷的記錄。勞動合同(tong)是工(gong)作經歷最直接最有力的證(zheng)明,千萬要保存好(hao)(hao)。
第二,就是(shi)上面說(shuo)過的人事(shi)檔案。這(zhe)個檔案一(yi)般(ban)都是(shi)由工作單位或(huo)者人才、職介等部門(men)保存,員(yuan)工個人是(shi)不能自(zi)持檔案的。雖(sui)然檔案不在自(zi)己(ji)手里(li),但(dan)在工作有(you)變動的時候(hou),員(yuan)工也要注意這(zhe)個問題(ti),有(you)必要時可以跟單位的人事(shi)專員(yuan)確認一(yi)下,以免將來遇到麻煩。
很多員工(gong)在工(gong)作變動時(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)出(chu)(chu)現一段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間的(de)斷(duan)檔期,上家和下家之(zhi)間沒(mei)(mei)有(you)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)“無(wu)縫銜(xian)接”,還有(you)人因(yin)為個人靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)就業等問題,都會(hui)(hui)出(chu)(chu)現很長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間沒(mei)(mei)有(you)工(gong)作的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。在這(zhe)(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)下,這(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間就沒(mei)(mei)有(you)“工(gong)齡”了。如果不想影響到(dao)(dao)社(she)保(bao)(bao)繳費年(nian)限的(de)計算,可以將檔案存(cun)到(dao)(dao)人才或(huo)職介(jie)機構,以靈(ling)(ling)活(huo)就業人員的(de)身(shen)份通過這(zhe)(zhe)些機構繼續參加(jia)職工(gong)社(she)保(bao)(bao)。等找到(dao)(dao)新(xin)工(gong)作時(shi)(shi),再將社(she)保(bao)(bao)關系轉移過去(qu)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣,社(she)保(bao)(bao)就不會(hui)(hui)中斷(duan)了。
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