近期(qi),財政部對(dui)外通(tong)報,部分省市查實地方政府違(wei)法違(wei)規舉債擔保問題。除(chu)責(ze)令限期(qi)整改,還依法依規對(dui)多名相(xiang)關責(ze)任人(ren)啟動(dong)問責(ze)程序,給予(yu)行(xing)政撤職、行(xing)政降級、行(xing)政記過等不同(tong)程度(du)處分。這有助于堅決制止地方政府違(wei)法違(wei)規變相(xiang)舉債。
依(yi)法依(yi)規管理地方債務的基本格局初步形成(cheng)
2014年修訂的《預(yu)算法(fa)》為地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)通過發行(xing)(xing)(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券舉債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)開了(le)“前門”,標志著我(wo)國(guo)對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)邁入(ru)(ru)法(fa)治(zhi)化軌(gui)道。隨后,《關(guan)于加(jia)強(qiang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)性債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的意(yi)見(jian)》《關(guan)于對地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)限額管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的實施意(yi)見(jian)》《地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)一(yi)般債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)預(yu)算管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》《地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)專項債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)預(yu)算管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦(ban)法(fa)》《地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)性債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)風險(xian)應急處置預(yu)案》《財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部駐各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)監察專員辦(ban)事處實施地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)監督暫行(xing)(xing)(xing)辦(ban)法(fa)》等一(yi)系列(lie)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)法(fa)規和部門規章(zhang)頒布施行(xing)(xing)(xing),從而為依法(fa)依規發行(xing)(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券、實行(xing)(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)限額管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、將地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)全部納入(ru)(ru)預(yu)算管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)、發行(xing)(xing)(xing)新增地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券、鎖定并置換存(cun)量(liang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、實施地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)風險(xian)預(yu)警、建(jian)立地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)日常監督機制(zhi)、建(jian)立地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)應急處置機制(zhi)等構建(jian)了(le)涵蓋地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)全流程(cheng)的法(fa)律法(fa)規制(zhi)度框(kuang)架,形成了(le)依法(fa)依規管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的基(ji)本格局(ju)。
據(ju)統計,截至2016年末,全(quan)國(guo)法(fa)(fa)定限額(e)內政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)債務(wu)余額(e)27.33萬億(yi)元(yuan),負債率(債務(wu)余額(e)/GDP)為36.7%,低(di)于(yu)主要市場(chang)經(jing)濟國(guo)家和新興(xing)經(jing)濟體水(shui)平;地方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)債務(wu)余額(e)15.32萬億(yi)元(yuan),債務(wu)率(債務(wu)余額(e)/綜合(he)財力)為80.5%,低(di)于(yu)國(guo)際通(tong)行(xing)的(de)100%–120%警(jing)戒線。目前,地方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)債務(wu)風險總體可控。但(dan)是,個(ge)別地方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)無視(shi)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規(gui),繼續通(tong)過融資平臺(tai)公司(si)、PPP、政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)投資基金、政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)購買服務(wu)等方(fang)式違(wei)法(fa)(fa)違(wei)規(gui)或變相舉債,由此導致的(de)風險不容忽視(shi)。
開了“前門(men)(men)”后(hou)須完全(quan)堵上“后(hou)門(men)(men)”
這(zhe)種風險,來(lai)源于仍有個別地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)置法(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)于不顧而違(wei)法(fa)違(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)變(bian)相(xiang)(xiang)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)。其實,違(wei)法(fa)違(wei)規(gui)(gui)(gui)變(bian)相(xiang)(xiang)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)現象早在(zai)(zai)《預(yu)算法(fa)》修訂之前就已(yi)有之。舊《預(yu)算法(fa)》第二十八條規(gui)(gui)(gui)定:“除法(fa)律(lv)(lv)和(he)國務院另有規(gui)(gui)(gui)定外,地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)不得發(fa)(fa)行地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券。”但是(shi),地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)常常規(gui)(gui)(gui)避此項法(fa)律(lv)(lv)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定,采取(qu)變(bian)通形式大(da)(da)量舉(ju)(ju)(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai),兩次舉(ju)(ju)(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)高峰期(qi)分(fen)別發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)上個世(shi)紀90年(nian)代亞(ya)洲金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)爆發(fa)(fa)期(qi)間和(he)本(ben)世(shi)紀以美國“次貸”危(wei)(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為導火索的國際(ji)(ji)金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)期(qi)間。客觀而言,在(zai)(zai)金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)背景下,地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)變(bian)相(xiang)(xiang)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai),一定程(cheng)度上緩解(jie)了(le)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)的財政(zheng)(zheng)壓力(li),為地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)通過大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)(gui)模投(tou)資(zi)擴大(da)(da)內(nei)需、拉動當地(di)(di)(di)經濟增長(chang)(chang)發(fa)(fa)揮了(le)積(ji)極作用。與此同時,也累(lei)積(ji)了(le)不少風險隱患。特別是(shi)2008年(nian)國際(ji)(ji)金(jin)融(rong)危(wei)(wei)(wei)機(ji)(ji)(ji)爆發(fa)(fa)后,地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)融(rong)資(zi)平臺(tai)數量大(da)(da)幅增長(chang)(chang),融(rong)資(zi)平臺(tai)甚至(zhi)出現在(zai)(zai)本(ben)來(lai)財政(zheng)(zheng)承受能力(li)就弱的基(ji)層地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang),以融(rong)資(zi)平臺(tai)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)為標(biao)志的地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)增長(chang)(chang)迅速、規(gui)(gui)(gui)模龐大(da)(da)。
我國經濟進入(ru)新常態后(hou)(hou),經濟從高(gao)速(su)增(zeng)長轉向中高(gao)速(su)增(zeng)長,金(jin)融危機(ji)的(de)后(hou)(hou)續影響依然存在,前(qian)期(qi)累積下來的(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)債,大都進入(ru)了(le)償債密集期(qi),債務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險驟增(zeng)。為了(le)化解地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)債務(wu)(wu)風(feng)險,新《預算法》允(yun)許地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)府(fu)通過發行債券籌(chou)資(zi),并置換存量(liang)政(zheng)府(fu)債務(wu)(wu)。不過,在對地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)府(fu)債務(wu)(wu)開(kai)(kai)了(le)“前(qian)門”后(hou)(hou),但還是有個別(bie)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)府(fu)以(yi)提(ti)供擔保函(han)、承諾(nuo)函(han)等形(xing)式,繼續通過融資(zi)平臺公司、PPP、政(zheng)府(fu)投資(zi)基金(jin)、政(zheng)府(fu)購買服務(wu)(wu)等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式違法違規變相舉債。也就是,開(kai)(kai)了(le)“前(qian)門”后(hou)(hou),“后(hou)(hou)門”仍未完全堵(du)上。
在地(di)方(fang)債(zhai)務問題上,財政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)會主(zhu)義(yi)傾(qing)向不容(rong)忽視。所(suo)謂財政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)會主(zhu)義(yi),是指為(wei)了(le)(le)實現(xian)預(yu)算(suan)平衡或(huo)達(da)到(dao)所(suo)規定的政(zheng)(zheng)府財政(zheng)(zheng)赤字和債(zhai)務標準,政(zheng)(zheng)府利用諸如政(zheng)(zheng)府擔保等預(yu)算(suan)外(wai)支(zhi)(zhi)持形(xing)式,取(qu)代政(zheng)(zheng)府的直接財政(zheng)(zheng)支(zhi)(zhi)出,使一些(xie)政(zheng)(zheng)策成本暫(zan)時(shi)得到(dao)隱藏。我們現(xian)在允(yun)許地(di)方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府發行債(zhai)券(quan),但是有(you)規定的限額,而一旦有(you)了(le)(le)這(zhe)種(zhong)限額,為(wei)了(le)(le)滿足資金需求,地(di)方(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)府往往就有(you)通過變相舉債(zhai)從而突破這(zhe)種(zhong)限額的沖動,預(yu)算(suan)外(wai)的債(zhai)務籌資活動由此(ci)產生。這(zhe)就是財政(zheng)(zheng)機(ji)(ji)會主(zhu)義(yi)的體(ti)現(xian)。兩(liang)次(ci)金融危(wei)機(ji)(ji)時(shi)產生的大量地(di)方(fang)債(zhai)源(yuan)于此(ci),目前(qian)產生的地(di)方(fang)債(zhai)也源(yuan)于此(ci),而這(zhe)些(xie)地(di)方(fang)債(zhai)都(dou)是違(wei)法(fa)違(wei)規變相舉債(zhai)。
實行全口(kou)徑地方(fang)政府性(xing)債(zhai)務管理
地方債務風(feng)險(xian)與金(jin)融(rong)風(feng)險(xian)緊密(mi)相連,中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)多(duo)次強調守住(zhu)不發(fa)生系統性金(jin)融(rong)風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)底線,黨的(de)(de)十九(jiu)大報(bao)告提出(chu)要堅決(jue)打好防(fang)范化解(jie)重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)攻(gong)堅戰,中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)經濟工作會(hui)議提出(chu)今后3年要重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)抓好決(jue)勝全(quan)面建成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)康社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)防(fang)范化解(jie)重(zhong)(zhong)大風(feng)險(xian)攻(gong)堅戰,其中(zhong)(zhong)防(fang)控(kong)金(jin)融(rong)風(feng)險(xian)是(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)。因(yin)此,防(fang)控(kong)地方債務風(feng)險(xian),要按照十九(jiu)大的(de)(de)要求,從決(jue)勝全(quan)面建成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)康社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)戰略高度(du)去施(shi)策。目(mu)前(qian),當務之急,是(shi)在地方政府合(he)法合(he)規發(fa)行債券的(de)(de)情(qing)形(xing)下(xia),著力遏制地方政府違(wei)法違(wei)規變相舉債,重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)是(shi)地方政府或有債務。
地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)或有(you)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)亦是各國(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)管理的難(nan)(nan)題。我們不(bu)能因新(xin)《預(yu)(yu)算法(fa)》將(jiang)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)行債(zhai)(zhai)券列為合法(fa)合規(gui)的地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)而將(jiang)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)所(suo)屬(shu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)舉借的債(zhai)(zhai)簡單(dan)地(di)列入(ru)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)債(zhai)(zhai)。地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)所(suo)屬(shu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye),如地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)國(guo)有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(包括融資平臺公司),與地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)有(you)千絲萬(wan)縷(lv)的關系,這些企業(ye)(ye)(ye)舉債(zhai)(zhai),盡管屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu),即便合法(fa)合規(gui)舉債(zhai)(zhai),但若出現債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)違約,出于(yu)(yu)各種原因考慮,充當最后救助者角色的很難(nan)(nan)不(bu)是其背(bei)后的地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)。因此,一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,要嚴查(cha)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)違法(fa)違規(gui)變(bian)相舉債(zhai)(zhai),對相關責(ze)任(ren)人(ren)視情節輕重給(gei)予(yu)不(bu)同程度處分(fen);另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面,堅持預(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)為先,防(fang)(fang)患于(yu)(yu)未(wei)然(ran),將(jiang)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)所(suo)屬(shu)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)的債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)作為地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)或有(you)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)列為監控對象,實行全口徑地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)(fu)性債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)管理。只有(you)這樣,才有(you)助于(yu)(yu)形成防(fang)(fang)控債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)風險的長效機制,并有(you)助于(yu)(yu)推動(dong)經(jing)濟高質量發(fa)展。
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