上半年煤炭、電力和天然氣消費淡季不淡特征明顯——
能源行業:消費持續增長 效益顯著改善
從國家能源局的統計數據來看,上半年經濟運行延續穩中向好態勢,疊加天氣因素,全國能源消費持續增長,生產平穩,進口增加,能源消費結構不斷優化——
7月30日,國家能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局召開新聞發(fa)(fa)布(bu)會(hui),發(fa)(fa)布(bu)上(shang)半(ban)年(nian)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)形勢、可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)并網運(yun)行情(qing)況(kuang)、第二季(ji)度12398能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)監(jian)管熱線(xian)投訴舉報受理情(qing)況(kuang)。國家能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局發(fa)(fa)展規劃司(si)(si)司(si)(si)長李福龍表示,上(shang)半(ban)年(nian)經濟運(yun)行延(yan)續穩中向好(hao)態勢,疊加天氣因素,全國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費持續增(zeng)長,生(sheng)產(chan)平穩,進口增(zeng)加,能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消費結構不(bu)斷優化。
能源消費較快增長
“總體來(lai)看,上(shang)半年全國能源消費保持(chi)較快增(zeng)長,尤其二季度以來(lai),煤炭、電力和天然氣(qi)消費淡季不(bu)淡特征明顯。”李福(fu)龍說。
具體(ti)來(lai)看(kan),煤炭(tan)(tan)(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費穩(wen)中有升。上半年,全國煤炭(tan)(tan)(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)3.1%左右。主要耗煤行業(ye)中,發電用煤大幅增(zeng)長(chang),是煤炭(tan)(tan)(tan)消(xiao)(xiao)費增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)主要拉動力量;化工行業(ye)用煤小幅增(zeng)長(chang),鋼鐵和建材行業(ye)用煤同(tong)比(bi)下(xia)降。
石油(you)(you)消費(fei)(fei)保(bao)持平穩。上半(ban)年,石油(you)(you)表觀消費(fei)(fei)量同(tong)比增(zeng)長2.5%左右。成(cheng)品油(you)(you)表觀消費(fei)(fei)量同(tong)比增(zeng)長2.3%左右。汽油(you)(you)消費(fei)(fei)增(zeng)速回升,柴油(you)(you)消費(fei)(fei)相對平穩,煤油(you)(you)消費(fei)(fei)增(zeng)長較快。
天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)消費大幅(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)長。上(shang)半年,天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)表觀消費量同(tong)(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長16.8%左右。城(cheng)市燃氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、工業(ye)燃料和發(fa)電用氣(qi)(qi)(qi)都保持較(jiao)快增(zeng)(zeng)長,化工用氣(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)(tong)比(bi)下降(jiang)。同(tong)(tong)時,天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)產供儲銷體系建(jian)設加快。“已落實的2018年天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)供應增(zeng)(zeng)量比(bi)上(shang)年大幅(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)長,并且(qie)向(xiang)大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)污染防治重點(dian)(dian)地(di)區傾(qing)斜。加快推進天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)管(guan)網(wang)互聯(lian)互通重點(dian)(dian)工程和環渤海地(di)區天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)儲運(yun)體系建(jian)設,構建(jian)‘全國一張網(wang)’格(ge)局,力爭今冬明春向(xiang)北方地(di)區增(zeng)(zeng)供量大于去冬今春增(zeng)(zeng)量。”李福龍表示。
能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)調峰能(neng)(neng)力(li)是保障能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)有效供給(gei)的重要方(fang)面(mian)。上半年,天(tian)然氣(qi)(qi)上游供氣(qi)(qi)企業儲(chu)氣(qi)(qi)能(neng)(neng)力(li)建(jian)設(she)規劃和方(fang)案正在加快制定。新(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站(zhan)示(shi)范項目啟動建(jian)設(she),龍(long)頭水庫、燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)調峰電(dian)站(zhan)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)熱(re)發電(dian)等各類(lei)靈活(huo)調節電(dian)源(yuan)建(jian)設(she)加快,熱(re)電(dian)解(jie)耦改造和純凝火(huo)電(dian)機(ji)組(zu)深度調峰改造持續推進,部分機(ji)組(zu)改造已經(jing)完(wan)成,系(xi)統(tong)調峰能(neng)(neng)力(li)逐步增強。
在一系(xi)列(lie)改革措施下,能(neng)源行業(ye)效益實(shi)現總體改善。數據顯示,煤炭采選業(ye)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤約1279億(yi)(yi)元(yuan),同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長14.8%;油(you)氣開采業(ye)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤約696億(yi)(yi)元(yuan),同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長2.6倍;石油(you)、煤炭及(ji)其他燃料(liao)加工業(ye)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤1100多(duo)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan),同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長27.9%;電力(li)、熱力(li)生產(chan)和供(gong)應業(ye)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤1800多(duo)億(yi)(yi)元(yuan),同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長26.1%,但火電企業(ye)因煤價上漲、發電成本上升,經營形(xing)勢仍然比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)嚴峻,虧(kui)損面接近一半。
電力消費持續回暖
今年(nian)(nian)全國能源(yuan)消(xiao)費的一大亮點(dian)(dian)(dian),就(jiu)是用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)在經歷(li)多年(nian)(nian)的低谷后實現大幅反(fan)轉。數(shu)據顯示,上半年(nian)(nian)全社會(hui)用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)32291億千瓦時,同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長9.4%,增(zeng)速(su)比(bi)去年(nian)(nian)同(tong)期提高(gao)3.1個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)(dian)(dian),創6年(nian)(nian)來新高(gao)。分(fen)部門看,二產用(yong)電(dian)增(zeng)速(su)持續回升,上拉用(yong)電(dian)增(zeng)長5.3個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)(dian)(dian);三產、居民生活(huo)用(yong)電(dian)保(bao)持兩位數(shu)增(zeng)長,合計上拉用(yong)電(dian)增(zeng)長4.0個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。
用(yong)電量大幅(fu)增(zeng)(zeng)長的同(tong)時,電力消費結構(gou)也進一步優(you)化。上半(ban)年,二(er)產(chan)用(yong)電比(bi)重為(wei)69.2%,比(bi)去年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)下降1.8個百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)。其(qi)中,四大高耗(hao)能行業合計用(yong)電比(bi)重為(wei)28.5%,比(bi)去年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)下降1.3個百(bai)(bai)分點(dian);三產(chan)和(he)居民生(sheng)活(huo)用(yong)電比(bi)重合計為(wei)29.8%,比(bi)去年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)提高2.6個百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)。二(er)產(chan)用(yong)電對(dui)全(quan)社(she)會用(yong)電增(zeng)(zeng)長的貢(gong)獻(xian)率為(wei)56.5%,比(bi)去年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)下降12.2個百(bai)(bai)分點(dian);三產(chan)和(he)居民生(sheng)活(huo)用(yong)電對(dui)全(quan)社(she)會用(yong)電增(zeng)(zeng)長的貢(gong)獻(xian)率合計為(wei)42.4%,與去年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)相比(bi)提高了13.0個百(bai)(bai)分點(dian)。
電(dian)力(li)消費結(jie)構優化(hua)反(fan)映(ying)了新舊動能轉換加快。從拉(la)動電(dian)力(li)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)角度看(kan),二產(chan)中(zhong)的(de)醫藥、通(tong)用設備(bei)、汽車、電(dian)氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)械和器材(cai)、計算機(ji)(ji)/通(tong)信(xin)(xin)等(deng)裝備(bei)制造業用電(dian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速均超過或(huo)接近10%。三(san)產(chan)中(zhong)的(de)信(xin)(xin)息傳輸/軟件技(ji)術等(deng)服務(wu)業用電(dian)同比增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)25.5%,帶(dai)動新興產(chan)業合計用電(dian)同比增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)12.4%,比去年同期提(ti)高2.2個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian),比上(shang)半年用電(dian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)9.4%,也提(ti)高了3個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)。鋼鐵、有色、建(jian)材(cai)和化(hua)工等(deng)四大高耗能行業合計用電(dian)同比增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)5.1%,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)速比去年同期下(xia)降(jiang)1.2個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點(dian)。
與(yu)此同(tong)時,能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消費新模式新業(ye)態加快培(pei)育。“環保產(chan)業(ye)、電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)等(deng)領域的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)長已經成為全社會用(yong)電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)長的(de)新動力。工業(ye)企業(ye)環保改造拉(la)動用(yong)電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)長,居民采暖、生產(chan)制造、交通運輸等(deng)領域的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)持續推進。”李福龍說,上半年全國電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)累(lei)計828億千瓦時,同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長26%,拉(la)動用(yong)電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)長約0.6個百分點。甘肅、浙江等(deng)6個清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)示范(fan)省(sheng)建設穩步推進。到(dao)現(xian)在(zai)為止,已經有9個新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)示范(fan)項目(mu)陸續投入運營,還有8個已經正式開工建設。
新能源消納形勢好轉
可再生能(neng)源消納(na)一直(zhi)是影響我(wo)國可再生能(neng)源發(fa)展的重(zhong)要(yao)因(yin)素,隨著一系列有利政策的持(chi)(chi)續發(fa)酵,上半年,風(feng)電(dian)和光伏發(fa)電(dian)消納(na)形勢持(chi)(chi)續好轉,棄電(dian)量和棄電(dian)率(lv)實現“雙(shuang)降”。
數據顯示,上半年,全(quan)國棄(qi)(qi)(qi)風(feng)電量182億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi),同比(bi)(bi)減少(shao)53億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi),棄(qi)(qi)(qi)風(feng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)8.7%,同比(bi)(bi)下降5個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點。棄(qi)(qi)(qi)光(guang)電量30億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi),同比(bi)(bi)減少(shao)7億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi),棄(qi)(qi)(qi)光(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)3.6%,同比(bi)(bi)下降3.2個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點。其(qi)中(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)18個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)(區、市)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)棄(qi)(qi)(qi)風(feng)限電,另有(you)(you)(you)9個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)棄(qi)(qi)(qi)風(feng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)在(zai)5%以(yi)下,棄(qi)(qi)(qi)風(feng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)超過5%的只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)內(nei)蒙古、吉林、甘肅(su)(su)和新疆(jiang)4省(sheng)(sheng)(區);有(you)(you)(you)22個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)(區、市)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)棄(qi)(qi)(qi)光(guang)限電,另有(you)(you)(you)6個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)(區)棄(qi)(qi)(qi)光(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)在(zai)5%以(yi)下,棄(qi)(qi)(qi)光(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)超過5%的只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)甘肅(su)(su)、新疆(jiang)、陜西3省(sheng)(sheng)(區)。
“我們加(jia)強對(dui)可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)設(she)和運行的(de)年(nian)度(du)監測(ce),做到心中有數,按照可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)的(de)情況(kuang),對(dui)可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)項目的(de)建(jian)設(she)布局實行調(diao)控,避(bi)免棄(qi)水(shui)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光問題進一(yi)步加(jia)劇,為解(jie)決棄(qi)水(shui)棄(qi)風棄(qi)光問題創造了有利(li)的(de)條件。”國家能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)司副司長梁志鵬說。
在調度上,以(yi)國家電網(wang)公司和南方電網(wang)公司為(wei)主,組織(zhi)有關(guan)省(sheng)級電網(wang)以(yi)及跨省(sheng)區的電力調度,優化運行方式,為(wei)可(ke)再生能源(yuan)(yuan)的消(xiao)納創(chuang)造條件(jian)。“可(ke)以(yi)說,在風電、光伏比(bi)例比(bi)較高的省(sheng)級電網(wang)都建立了(le)可(ke)再生能源(yuan)(yuan)監測和信息(xi)優化調度系統,在新能源(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)運行、電網(wang)調度管理上比(bi)前幾年有了(le)很大提(ti)升,為(wei)消(xiao)納可(ke)再生能源(yuan)(yuan)創(chuang)造了(le)條件(jian)。”梁志鵬表示。
記者了(le)解到,隨著電(dian)(dian)力(li)體制改革和(he)市場化(hua)交易(yi)(yi)的全面(mian)推進(jin),各個(ge)地(di)(di)區也開展了(le)各種可(ke)(ke)再生能源消納(na)交易(yi)(yi)。簡單來說,有本地(di)(di)的風電(dian)(dian)、光伏和(he)大電(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)的交易(yi)(yi),自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)廠置換交易(yi)(yi),還有通過跨區的輸電(dian)(dian)通道,在更大范(fan)圍內開展可(ke)(ke)再生能源消納(na)專項交易(yi)(yi),有力(li)促進(jin)了(le)可(ke)(ke)再生能源的消納(na)。
“總體來講,今年(nian)以來可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納取(qu)得了比較好的效果,但是(shi)面臨的形勢還十分(fen)嚴峻,可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納還是(shi)一(yi)個長(chang)(chang)期(qi)問(wen)題(ti)。”梁志鵬表示,按照能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發展(zhan)戰略,今后可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)還需要更大規模地(di)發展(zhan)。從長(chang)(chang)遠來看,建(jian)立可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納利用的長(chang)(chang)效機(ji)制非常重(zhong)要。目前,可再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)配額制正在研究制定(ding),準(zhun)備近期(qi)再(zai)(zai)次向各方面征求(qiu)意見,繼(ji)續完善該政策。
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