《 人民日報 》( 2024年06月27日 09 版(ban))
我國傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)量大,在(zai)制造業(ye)(ye)(ye)中占比高,傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)直接關乎(hu)現代化產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)系建設全局。習(xi)近平總(zong)書(shu)記強調(diao):“發(fa)展(zhan)新質(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力不(bu)是要忽視、放(fang)棄傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)”“用(yong)新技術改(gai)造提(ti)升(sheng)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)”。二(er)十屆中央財經委員會第一次會議(yi)強調(diao):“堅持推(tui)動(dong)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji),不(bu)能(neng)當成‘低端產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)’簡單退出”。把握新一輪(lun)科技革(ge)(ge)命和產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)變革(ge)(ge)深入發(fa)展(zhan)帶來的(de)機遇,廣泛應用(yong)數智技術、綠色技術加(jia)快(kuai)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji),我國傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)正在(zai)煥發(fa)新的(de)生(sheng)機活力。
——編(bian) 者
傳統產業改造升級也能發展新質生產力(人民觀察)
曲永義
習近(jin)(jin)平總書記指出:“傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)改造升(sheng)級,也能發展(zhan)(zhan)新質生(sheng)產(chan)力。”近(jin)(jin)年來,我(wo)國傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)探索發展(zhan)(zhan)新模式、創(chuang)新轉(zhuan)型(xing)升(sheng)級新路徑,取(qu)得顯著成效。進(jin)一步(bu)推動傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升(sheng)級,對于培育(yu)和發展(zhan)(zhan)新質生(sheng)產(chan)力、建設現代化經(jing)濟體系(xi)、保障(zhang)我(wo)國產(chan)業(ye)安(an)全(quan)和國家(jia)安(an)全(quan)等具有重要(yao)意義。
傳統產業轉型升級成效顯著
我國傳統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)在國民經濟體(ti)系中扮演著重(zhong)要角色。近年來,隨著大數據、云計(ji)算、人工智能、區塊鏈、物聯網(wang)等(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)技術的(de)加速創新(xin)(xin)(xin)以及新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)基礎(chu)設(she)施的(de)覆(fu)蓋(gai)范(fan)圍擴大、使(shi)用成本(ben)降(jiang)低,許多前沿(yan)技術廣泛滲透(tou)到紡織(zhi)、服裝(zhuang)、化(hua)工、建材等(deng)傳統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)并與之深度融合,推動傳統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)產(chan)(chan)品設(she)計(ji)、生產(chan)(chan)流(liu)程、業(ye)(ye)務模(mo)式等(deng)全面(mian)改(gai)造,轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級成效(xiao)顯(xian)著,成為培育發展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)動能新(xin)(xin)(xin)優(you)勢(shi)的(de)重(zhong)要引(yin)擎。
產業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)不斷提升,成為(wei)(wei)(wei)培育新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)產力(li)的“搖籃”。近年來,我國傳(chuan)統(tong)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)不斷強化(hua)(hua)(hua)創新(xin)(xin)平臺建設,產業(ye)(ye)(ye)創新(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)不斷提升。特別是通過廣(guang)泛利用(yong)大數(shu)(shu)據(ju)、人(ren)工智(zhi)能(neng)、云(yun)計算等新(xin)(xin)一(yi)代信息技術和智(zhi)能(neng)制造技術,工業(ye)(ye)(ye)機器人(ren)、自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)流(liu)(liu)水線等智(zhi)能(neng)裝備得到快(kuai)速普及(ji),創造出智(zhi)能(neng)工廠、“黑(hei)燈”工廠等生(sheng)產模式,成為(wei)(wei)(wei)培育、積蓄經濟發展新(xin)(xin)動(dong)能(neng)的重要力(li)量,為(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)產力(li)發展提供(gong)了(le)廣(guang)闊場景。例如(ru),有的鋼鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)通過數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)改造,實現了(le)生(sheng)產數(shu)(shu)據(ju)實時(shi)采集分析,優化(hua)(hua)(hua)了(le)生(sheng)產工藝,顯著降低了(le)能(neng)源消耗和運營成本;其從事信息化(hua)(hua)(hua)建設的子公司,在推動(dong)鋼鐵(tie)生(sheng)產數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉(zhuan)型過程(cheng)中逐(zhu)漸形成了(le)全(quan)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)的數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)解決(jue)方案,逐(zhu)步從傳(chuan)統(tong)鋼鐵(tie)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)領先的數(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)。再(zai)如(ru),有的建材(cai)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)應(ying)用(yong)人(ren)工智(zhi)能(neng)和大數(shu)(shu)據(ju),不僅把勞動(dong)生(sheng)產率提升了(le)50%以上(shang),而且極大提升了(le)產品質(zhi)(zhi)量。
綠色(se)轉(zhuan)型發展(zhan)(zhan)加(jia)速,為(wei)節能(neng)減排和(he)可持續發展(zhan)(zhan)積極(ji)貢獻力(li)(li)量。近年(nian)來,綠色(se)發展(zhan)(zhan)已成(cheng)為(wei)傳(chuan)統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)提升(sheng)競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)、構建新優勢、培(pei)育新動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略選擇。節能(neng)降碳技術裝備(bei)得(de)到廣泛(fan)應用,新型清潔能(neng)源和(he)可再(zai)生能(neng)源在能(neng)源消費中的(de)(de)(de)比重提升(sheng),綠色(se)制(zhi)造成(cheng)為(wei)傳(chuan)統制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)新模式。例如,氫氣(qi)(qi)是原(yuan)油(you)加(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)重要副產(chan)(chan)品,具(ju)有(you)終端零排、用途(tu)廣泛(fan)等(deng)優勢。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)化企(qi)業(ye)(ye)大力(li)(li)探索富余(yu)氫氣(qi)(qi)資源的(de)(de)(de)收集(ji)、提純、壓縮和(he)儲(chu)運,不僅實(shi)現了(le)煉(lian)(lian)化過程中的(de)(de)(de)碳減排,而且提升(sheng)了(le)煉(lian)(lian)化產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟價值。又如,紡(fang)織行業(ye)(ye)碳排放較高的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因之一在于傳(chuan)統紡(fang)織原(yuan)料(liao)與石(shi)油(you)化工(gong)有(you)著密切聯(lian)系,生產(chan)(chan)過程中的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源消耗大。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)紡(fang)織企(qi)業(ye)(ye)利用新技術開發出了(le)可自然降解的(de)(de)(de)醋(cu)酸面料(liao),同時以數字化技術推動(dong)印染(ran)工(gong)藝轉(zhuan)型,既實(shi)現了(le)節能(neng)減排目標(biao),也提升(sheng)了(le)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)附加(jia)值。
集(ji)(ji)群(qun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)平(ping)(ping)臺化(hua)(hua)(hua)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),成(cheng)為(wei)提(ti)(ti)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)效率和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)重(zhong)要支撐。產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)地理空間上(shang)的(de)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)網絡空間上(shang)的(de)平(ping)(ping)臺化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),提(ti)(ti)高了(le)(le)各類要素的(de)集(ji)(ji)聚和(he)(he)集(ji)(ji)約化(hua)(hua)(hua)利用水(shui)平(ping)(ping),促進了(le)(le)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)之間的(de)協(xie)同合作和(he)(he)生態建設,提(ti)(ti)升了(le)(le)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)。一(yi)是傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型成(cheng)長(chang)為(wei)先進制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun),中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)特色產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。在(zai)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)(he)信(xin)息化(hua)(hua)(hua)部已公(gong)布(bu)的(de)兩批(pi)(pi)200個中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)特色產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)中(zhong),涌(yong)(yong)現(xian)出一(yi)大(da)批(pi)(pi)在(zai)本(ben)地資(zi)源稟賦、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎(chu)上(shang)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)優勢(shi)(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)群(qun)。二是產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網和(he)(he)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網平(ping)(ping)臺成(cheng)為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型新(xin)范式。一(yi)些傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)打(da)造(zao)(zao)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網平(ping)(ping)臺,在(zai)很大(da)程度上(shang)推動(dong)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉(zhuan)型;一(yi)些商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網平(ping)(ping)臺吸引了(le)(le)大(da)量傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進駐,這些企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)積極(ji)探(tan)索以(yi)銷(xiao)售數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)牽(qian)(qian)引傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)數(shu)字化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉(zhuan)型。三是涌(yong)(yong)現(xian)出一(yi)批(pi)(pi)龍頭企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、鏈(lian)長(chang)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),有力帶(dai)動(dong)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)以(yi)及重(zhong)要產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)、創新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。特別是在(zai)糧食、能源、化(hua)(hua)(hua)工、機械裝備(bei)等傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)具有優勢(shi)(shi)的(de)中(zhong)央企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),勇當產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)鏈(lian)長(chang),通過需求牽(qian)(qian)引、創新(xin)供給等多種方式,提(ti)(ti)高產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)上(shang)中(zhong)下游配(pei)套水(shui)平(ping)(ping),使傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)集(ji)(ji)聚轉(zhuan)型效能顯現(xian),并在(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭中(zhong)主動(dong)融(rong)入(ru)數(shu)智技術、綠色技術,推動(dong)了(le)(le)全(quan)(quan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)的(de)整體轉(zhuan)型升級。
改造升級傳統產業的有效路徑
梳理總(zong)結改造升級(ji)傳(chuan)統(tong)產業的(de)有效路徑,大致(zhi)可以(yi)歸納為3種類型。
一是通(tong)過(guo)開(kai)發高(gao)技術(shu)(shu)、高(gao)端(duan)(duan)化產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)實現傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)躍升。傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)技術(shu)(shu)含量、附加值往往較低,但新技術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)新應用和市場(chang)需求結構持續升級(ji)等,推(tui)動(dong)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)從(cong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)低技術(shu)(shu)、低附加值產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)向(xiang)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)高(gao)技術(shu)(shu)、高(gao)附加值產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian),從(cong)而實現轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)型升級(ji)。以鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)例,“手(shou)(shou)撕鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)”(鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材厚度(du)控制在0.025毫米(mi)以下(xia),直(zhi)接(jie)用手(shou)(shou)就能輕易撕開(kai))是中(zhong)國(guo)制造(zao)邁(mai)向(xiang)中(zhong)高(gao)端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)縮影。幾年前(qian),我(wo)國(guo)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)成立了(le)(le)(le)“手(shou)(shou)撕鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)”創(chuang)新研發團隊,攻(gong)克了(le)(le)(le)軋機設備(bei)、軋制方法等幾百(bai)個技術(shu)(shu)難(nan)題(ti),先后(hou)研發出(chu)厚度(du)為(wei)0.02毫米(mi)、0.015毫米(mi)、0.012毫米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)“手(shou)(shou)撕鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)”,不僅刷新了(le)(le)(le)“手(shou)(shou)撕鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)”的(de)(de)(de)世界紀錄,滿足了(le)(le)(le)折疊屏(ping)手(shou)(shou)機的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)需求,還成為(wei)國(guo)防科技、航空航天、精密儀器等領域不可(ke)或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)材料。正是在技術(shu)(shu)進步(bu)和產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)創(chuang)新過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),相關企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)實現了(le)(le)(le)從(cong)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)向(xiang)先進制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)。除此之外,化工領域的(de)(de)(de)新型塑料、家電(dian)領域的(de)(de)(de)智能家電(dian)等,都是傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)技術(shu)(shu)創(chuang)新推(tui)出(chu)新產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin),最終形成新質生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力的(de)(de)(de)生動(dong)案例。
二是通過(guo)傳統(tong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)興技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)融合創新(xin)(xin)、再造傳統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)生產(chan)流程和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)實現產(chan)業(ye)轉型(xing)。傳統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)之所(suo)以(yi)“傳統(tong)”,一(yi)個重要原因(yin)就在于生產(chan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、工(gong)藝(yi)流程老化,生產(chan)效率較低(di)。然而,通過(guo)應用新(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、推動(dong)傳統(tong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)迭代(dai)、促進新(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與傳統(tong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)融合創新(xin)(xin)等,可以(yi)幫助傳統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)實現轉型(xing)升級(ji)。以(yi)煤(mei)炭產(chan)業(ye)為例(li)。千兆光(guang)網(wang)、第五代(dai)固定網(wang)絡等新(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用,推動(dong)煤(mei)炭產(chan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)網(wang)絡基(ji)礎設施(shi)改(gai)造升級(ji);人工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)、智(zhi)(zhi)慧相(xiang)機、智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)測(ce)量、大數據等新(xin)(xin)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)廣泛應用,使很多(duo)煤(mei)炭企業(ye)從開拓、采掘(jue)到(dao)洗(xi)選(xuan)、運(yun)輸、安全(quan)保障各個環(huan)節(jie)都實現了智(zhi)(zhi)慧化,過(guo)去臟(zang)、苦、險、累(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)井下工(gong)作(zuo)如今可以(yi)坐在明亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)調度指揮中(zhong)心完(wan)成(cheng),礦(kuang)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)境和(he)(he)(he)條件得到(dao)改(gai)善。2023年6月,國家能(neng)源局(ju)發布的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)國煤(mei)礦(kuang)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)化建(jian)設典型(xing)案例(li)已(yi)達(da)80項,展(zhan)現了煤(mei)炭產(chan)業(ye)深(shen)度轉型(xing)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生動(dong)畫面(mian)。
三是通(tong)過商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)模(mo)式(shi)創新和(he)傳(chuan)統制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)服(fu)務(wu)化轉型(xing)實(shi)現產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)升級。長期以(yi)來,我(wo)國(guo)傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大都處于“微笑曲(qu)線”底部的(de)生產(chan)制(zhi)造(zao)環(huan)節。隨著新技(ji)術的(de)應(ying)(ying)用,我(wo)國(guo)很多傳(chuan)統制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)通(tong)過商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)模(mo)式(shi)再造(zao)成(cheng)功(gong)轉型(xing),實(shi)現了(le)(le)向產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈價值鏈中高端攀升。以(yi)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為例,很多企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)運用工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網(wang)、5G、射(she)頻識別等(deng)技(ji)術將各(ge)種設備連接起來,獲得實(shi)時在線數據,通(tong)過網(wang)絡協同和(he)數據智能為客(ke)戶(hu)提(ti)供設備健康管(guan)理、操作模(mo)式(shi)評(ping)估優化、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)信息服(fu)務(wu)等(deng)增值服(fu)務(wu)。這(zhe)不僅有(you)效縮短了(le)(le)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師響應(ying)(ying)時間,提(ti)升了(le)(le)服(fu)務(wu)效率,而且推動很多企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)現了(le)(le)從賣(mai)產(chan)品到(dao)賣(mai)服(fu)務(wu)的(de)轉型(xing),成(cheng)為制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)服(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融合(he)發展的(de)典型(xing)。
以發展新質生產力為著力點加快改造升級傳統產業
傳統產(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升(sheng)級是一項系統工(gong)程。在看到(dao)我(wo)(wo)國傳統產(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升(sheng)級取得顯著成(cheng)效的同時(shi),也(ye)應看到(dao)其與高(gao)質量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)目(mu)標、與發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)(xin)質生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)要求相(xiang)比還存在一定(ding)差距。進(jin)一步(bu)推動(dong)傳統產(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升(sheng)級,要完整、準確、全面貫徹新(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)理念,堅持(chi)目(mu)標導向和問題導向相(xiang)結合,充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮我(wo)(wo)國制度優勢,激發(fa)(fa)(fa)產(chan)業(ye)內生(sheng)動(dong)力(li),以科技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)為重點(dian),補齊傳統產(chan)業(ye)供(gong)應鏈、創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)鏈、產(chan)業(ye)鏈短板(ban),建立上(shang)中(zhong)下(xia)游互融(rong)共生(sheng)、分(fen)工(gong)合作、利(li)益共享的一體化(hua)組織新(xin)(xin)模式,因地制宜推動(dong)傳統產(chan)業(ye)技(ji)術范式與經(jing)濟(ji)范式協同轉(zhuan)換(huan),推動(dong)新(xin)(xin)質生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)加快發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。
進一步(bu)深(shen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)認識,推(tui)動傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)高端(duan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)、綠色(se)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。習近平總(zong)書記指出:“各地(di)要堅持(chi)從實際出發(fa)(fa),先立后破、因地(di)制宜、分類指導,根據(ju)本(ben)地(di)的(de)(de)資源稟賦、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎、科研(yan)條件等,有選擇地(di)推(tui)動新產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)、新模式、新動能發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)”。要摒(bing)棄傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)就是落后產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)、“兩高”產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)、低附加(jia)值產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)錯誤認識,把高端(duan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)、綠色(se)化(hua)(hua)(hua)作為(wei)(wei)改(gai)造(zao)升級(ji)傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)方向(xiang),把推(tui)動傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級(ji)作為(wei)(wei)調整經濟(ji)結構、構建現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)體系和推(tui)動高質量(liang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)重要支(zhi)撐,鼓勵各地(di)、各類企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)以發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)新質生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)力為(wei)(wei)目標(biao),探索傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級(ji)新模式,推(tui)進傳統產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)集群數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)改(gai)造(zao),鼓勵行業(ye)(ye)龍(long)頭(tou)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)服(fu)務企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)打(da)造(zao)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)網和智(zhi)能制造(zao)服(fu)務平臺,為(wei)(wei)行業(ye)(ye)內企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)升級(ji)提(ti)供服(fu)務。
統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)籌(chou)推(tui)進(jin)深層次改革(ge),為傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)提供(gong)良(liang)好(hao)環(huan)境。進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)深化改革(ge),強化產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)發展(zhan)(zhan)政策的(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)和(he)集(ji)成性(xing)(xing)。清理對(dui)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)“一(yi)刀切(qie)”的(de)各類限制性(xing)(xing)政策,鼓(gu)(gu)勵(li)(li)各地因地制宜(yi)改造升(sheng)級(ji)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。在(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)政策方面,強化鼓(gu)(gu)勵(li)(li)創新的(de)政策導向,優化研發費用(yong)加計(ji)扣除政策。積極(ji)打造傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)共性(xing)(xing)技(ji)術(shu)平(ping)臺和(he)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)平(ping)臺,引領(ling)帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)全行業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)。進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)為傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)營造良(liang)好(hao)的(de)市(shi)場環(huan)境,鼓(gu)(gu)勵(li)(li)各地加快推(tui)動(dong)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)集(ji)群、產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區(qu)升(sheng)級(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)。支持傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)國(guo)內梯度(du)轉(zhuan)移過程(cheng)中轉(zhuan)型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan),支持與共建(jian)“一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)一(yi)路”國(guo)家開展(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)際(ji)產(chan)(chan)(chan)能合作。
強化新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術在(zai)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中的應(ying)用與(yu)擴散,拓展改(gai)造(zao)升(sheng)(sheng)級傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的路徑。習近平總書(shu)記指(zhi)出:“要及時(shi)將科技(ji)(ji)創新(xin)成果應(ying)用到(dao)具體(ti)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)上,改(gai)造(zao)提升(sheng)(sheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)”。以(yi)創新(xin)鏈(lian)(lian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)資金鏈(lian)(lian)人才(cai)鏈(lian)(lian)的深(shen)度(du)融合改(gai)造(zao)升(sheng)(sheng)級傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye),鼓勵(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)結合轉型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)(sheng)級實(shi)際(ji)和技(ji)(ji)術變化趨勢加(jia)大創新(xin)投入,從補齊短(duan)板和突破瓶頸入手,加(jia)強新(xin)技(ji)(ji)術在(zai)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的推廣應(ying)用,解決(jue)轉型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)(sheng)級中的“卡(ka)脖子”問題。鼓勵(li)鏈(lian)(lian)長企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)等發揮技(ji)(ji)術供給、產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)協(xie)同等方面的作用,以(yi)鏈(lian)(lian)長企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的深(shen)度(du)轉型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)(sheng)級帶動全(quan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型(xing)(xing)升(sheng)(sheng)級。鼓勵(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)積極利用先(xian)進技(ji)(ji)術提升(sheng)(sheng)自身創新(xin)能力(li)和整體(ti)安全(quan)水平。在(zai)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中大力(li)培育專(zhuan)精特新(xin)中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),構(gou)筑發展新(xin)動能,實(shi)現(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總體(ti)競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)提升(sheng)(sheng)。
(作者(zhe)為中國社會(hui)科學(xue)院習近平新時代中國特(te)色社會(hui)主義思想研究(jiu)中心研究(jiu)員)
充分發揮工業互聯網的賦能作用(觀察者說)
余曉暉
習近平總書記指(zhi)出:“以(yi)科技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)為(wei)引領,加快傳統(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)高端化(hua)、智(zhi)能化(hua)、綠色(se)化(hua)升(sheng)級改(gai)造(zao)(zao)”。利用新(xin)(xin)技(ji)術加快傳統(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型升(sheng)級,是(shi)順(shun)應新(xin)(xin)一輪科技(ji)革命和(he)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)變(bian)革深(shen)入發(fa)展趨勢(shi)、建設現代化(hua)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)體系的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)方(fang)向,也為(wei)培育(yu)新(xin)(xin)質(zhi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)提(ti)供了(le)廣(guang)闊空間。工業(ye)互聯網(wang)作為(wei)新(xin)(xin)一代信息技(ji)術與制造(zao)(zao)業(ye)深(shen)度融(rong)合的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)物,通過對人、機(ji)、物的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面互聯,構建起全(quan)要(yao)(yao)素、全(quan)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈、全(quan)價(jia)值鏈全(quan)面連接的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)制造(zao)(zao)和(he)服務體系,是(shi)數字(zi)經濟與實體經濟深(shen)度融(rong)合的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)路徑,為(wei)傳統(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型升(sheng)級提(ti)供了(le)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)動(dong)力(li)。
有(you)助于推動(dong)傳統(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)高端化(hua)發展。工(gong)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)系(xi)統(tong)實時數據的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)集、處理、分(fen)析(xi)等,并(bing)與相關行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識、經驗(yan)、需求(qiu)相結合(he),形成新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)優化(hua)范式,改(gai)變(bian)了工(gong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)模式,催(cui)生(sheng)出新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)組織(zhi)形態、形成了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)要素組合(he)、孕育了新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)創造方式。在工(gong)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)賦能(neng)下,傳統(tong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)將逐步呈現(xian)出高科(ke)技、高效(xiao)能(neng)、高質量的(de)(de)(de)特征,成長為符(fu)合(he)現(xian)代化(hua)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)系(xi)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)先進生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)質態。比如,我國紡織(zhi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)利用(yong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)設備投入(ru)和工(gong)藝(yi)流程進行(xing)改(gai)造,有(you)效(xiao)提升產(chan)(chan)品質量和生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率,過(guo)(guo)去的(de)(de)(de)“千人(ren)紗,萬(wan)人(ren)布(bu)”轉變(bian)為現(xian)在的(de)(de)(de)萬(wan)錠(ding)用(yong)工(gong)最少(shao)可以(yi)不超過(guo)(guo)10人(ren),產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)不斷向中高端邁進。
有助于推(tui)動(dong)(dong)傳統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)發展。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網(wang)與(yu)傳統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)相(xiang)結合(he),能(neng)(neng)夠構(gou)建高效(xiao)(xiao)低耗智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)體(ti)系(xi)、資(zi)源共享協同制(zhi)造體(ti)系(xi)、敏(min)捷柔(rou)性產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈供應鏈體(ti)系(xi),推(tui)動(dong)(dong)研產(chan)(chan)供銷過程向網(wang)絡化(hua)、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)邁進。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網(wang)驅動(dong)(dong)下,傳統產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)勞動(dong)(dong)者、勞動(dong)(dong)資(zi)料、勞動(dong)(dong)對象及其組(zu)合(he)方(fang)式發生(sheng)(sheng)質的(de)變革,將形成(cheng)更高效(xiao)(xiao)率、更高水平(ping)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)函數(shu)(shu)。有測算(suan)顯示,數(shu)(shu)字技(ji)術(shu)對工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)效(xiao)(xiao)率賦能(neng)(neng)在(zai)2017—2022年提升了(le)(le)1.14倍。比如(ru)在(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)鐵行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye),企業(ye)(ye)(ye)借助工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯網(wang)打(da)通煉鋼(gang)(gang)、連(lian)鑄、軋鋼(gang)(gang)等工(gong)(gong)藝流程,強化(hua)數(shu)(shu)字孿生(sheng)(sheng)、人工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)控制(zhi)等技(ji)術(shu)綜合(he)應用,實(shi)現了(le)(le)從“經驗煉鐵”到(dao)“智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧煉鐵”、從“爐前煉鋼(gang)(gang)”到(dao)“一鍵出鋼(gang)(gang)”的(de)轉變,形成(cheng)降(jiang)本、提質、增(zeng)效(xiao)(xiao)新路徑。
有助(zhu)于推(tui)動傳(chuan)統產(chan)(chan)業綠色(se)(se)化發(fa)展。以工(gong)業互聯網(wang)為代表的新(xin)型基礎(chu)設(she)施,與傳(chuan)統產(chan)(chan)業綠色(se)(se)發(fa)展之間(jian)存在高(gao)度(du)(du)耦合(he)性。把工(gong)業互聯網(wang)貫穿(chuan)于綠色(se)(se)發(fa)展的設(she)計、制(zhi)造(zao)、管理(li)、服務各環(huan)節,能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠從全生(sheng)命周期賦能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)優化調(diao)度(du)(du)、碳排放監測和管控(kong),為傳(chuan)統產(chan)(chan)業綠色(se)(se)發(fa)展提供支(zhi)撐。目前(qian),在鋼(gang)鐵、水泥等(deng)一些重(zhong)點(dian)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)行業中(zhong),企業通過(guo)工(gong)業互聯網(wang)搭建生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)調(diao)度(du)(du)平(ping)臺、打造(zao)環(huan)境智能(neng)(neng)(neng)監測與管控(kong)體系等(deng),可(ke)以實現提高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)效率、減少能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消耗、減少碳排放等(deng)目標。利(li)用(yong)工(gong)業互聯網(wang)推(tui)進產(chan)(chan)業數字化、智能(neng)(neng)(neng)化同綠色(se)(se)化深度(du)(du)融合(he),是(shi)加快產(chan)(chan)業綠色(se)(se)轉型、發(fa)展綠色(se)(se)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力的重(zhong)要路(lu)徑。
近年(nian)來(lai),世(shi)界主要發(fa)達國(guo)家大都(dou)認識到數(shu)字(zi)技術(shu)與制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合(he)的(de)重要性和緊迫性,并(bing)不斷加強對工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)數(shu)字(zi)化轉型的(de)布(bu)局(ju)。我國(guo)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網發(fa)展態勢良好,已融(rong)入49個國(guo)民經(jing)濟大類,覆(fu)蓋全(quan)部(bu)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)大類,形成有(you)一定影響(xiang)力的(de)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網平臺超340個,工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)設備連接數(shu)超過9600萬臺套。工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網與傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)合(he)發(fa)展,給傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)帶來(lai)了全(quan)方(fang)位(wei)、深層次(ci)、革命(ming)性影響(xiang),有(you)效(xiao)推動產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提質、增效(xiao)、降本、綠色、安全(quan)發(fa)展。
當前(qian),推(tui)動(dong)高質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)已經(jing)成(cheng)為全黨全社會的共識和自覺行動(dong),發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新質生產力(li)是(shi)推(tui)動(dong)高質量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的內在要求和重要著力(li)點。培育和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新質生產力(li),一(yi)個重要方向是(shi)推(tui)動(dong)傳統產業(ye)轉型升(sheng)級。我國傳統產業(ye)具(ju)有規模大、應用場景(jing)多、數據資源(yuan)豐富等優勢,同時發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)不平(ping)衡(heng)不充分問(wen)題仍(reng)然突(tu)出。以工業(ye)互(hu)聯網(wang)賦(fu)能傳統產業(ye)轉型升(sheng)級大有可為。
同時也要看到,工(gong)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網在傳(chuan)統產業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的規(gui)模化應用仍面(mian)臨一(yi)些制約因素(su)。比如,一(yi)些傳(chuan)統產業(ye)(ye)工(gong)廠中(zhong)仍大量存在“聾設備(bei)(bei)”“啞設備(bei)(bei)”,企業(ye)(ye)向網絡化、智能(neng)化演(yan)進(jin)(jin)成本高、難(nan)度大;傳(chuan)統產業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)分(fen)布著大量中(zhong)小企業(ye)(ye),利用工(gong)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網進(jin)(jin)行數字化改(gai)造面(mian)臨資金缺乏、人才不(bu)(bu)足等難(nan)題;傳(chuan)統產業(ye)(ye)多(duo)樣化個性化需求和解決方案產品供給(gei)之間仍不(bu)(bu)能(neng)高效匹配(pei);等等。
隨著新(xin)一輪(lun)科(ke)技革命和產業(ye)變(bian)革縱深推(tui)進,一大批新(xin)技術、新(xin)產業(ye)正在快速(su)孕育、蓄勢(shi)待發。要(yao)抓住機遇加快推(tui)進工業(ye)互聯(lian)網規模發展,著力(li)突(tu)破(po)瓶頸制約,持續優化(hua)賦能(neng)(neng)傳統產業(ye)轉型升級的模式和路徑,助(zhu)力(li)產業(ye)不斷提升高端化(hua)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)化(hua)、綠色(se)化(hua)水平。具體可在以下方面(mian)著力(li)。
“建與用”系統(tong)(tong)推進(jin),夯(hang)實(shi)轉(zhuan)型升(sheng)級基(ji)礎(chu)。加快提升(sheng)網(wang)絡覆(fu)蓋范圍(wei)和服(fu)務效(xiao)能,引導(dao)企(qi)業(ye)開展(zhan)(zhan)內網(wang)改造(zao)和升(sheng)級,推進(jin)5G工(gong)(gong)廠建設(she),提升(sheng)互(hu)聯(lian)互(hu)通水平(ping)。實(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)標(biao)(biao)識解析體(ti)(ti)系“貫(guan)通”行(xing)動(dong),促進(jin)標(biao)(biao)識在(zai)消費品、原(yuan)材料(liao)等(deng)行(xing)業(ye)產業(ye)鏈(lian)上下游“貫(guan)通”應用。發(fa)揮多層次工(gong)(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺體(ti)(ti)系作用,推動(dong)人工(gong)(gong)智能、數字孿生(sheng)等(deng)融(rong)合發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。面向傳統(tong)(tong)產業(ye)打(da)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)數據(ju)空間(jian),促進(jin)數據(ju)安(an)(an)全(quan)可(ke)信流通。完善(shan)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)管理體(ti)(ti)系,加強工(gong)(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)公共服(fu)務能力(li)。
“點線面”全面結(jie)合(he),提(ti)升應用賦能水平。立足制(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)特性和差異化發(fa)展需求(qiu),編制(zhi)實施工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網與細(xi)分行業(ye)(ye)(ye)融合(he)應用指(zhi)南,為企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)提(ti)供轉型“說明書”和“工(gong)具箱”,幫助企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)特別是中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)降低轉型成本(ben)。推動(dong)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網與重點產業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)“鏈(lian)(lian)網協同”,挖掘更多(duo)應用場景(jing),打造(zao)智慧供應鏈(lian)(lian)。持續(xu)開展工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網一體化進(jin)園區“百城千(qian)園行”活(huo)動(dong),引導產業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區、行業(ye)(ye)(ye)集群等加大工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網設施建設,促進(jin)設備互(hu)通、資源共享。
“以新帶舊”融合創新,開(kai)辟發展(zhan)新賽(sai)道。推(tui)進5G與工(gong)業(ye)自(zi)動(dong)化深度融合,打(da)造新一(yi)代工(gong)業(ye)控制(zhi)體(ti)系(xi)架(jia)構。協同(tong)推(tui)進工(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯網平臺(tai)建設與工(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯網APP培(pei)育,放(fang)大我國應(ying)用場(chang)景、知(zhi)識模(mo)型(xing)和工(gong)業(ye)數(shu)據豐富的(de)優勢(shi),推(tui)動(dong)實現工(gong)業(ye)軟件“換道超(chao)車”。持續深化人(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)、大模(mo)型(xing)與工(gong)業(ye)融合,培(pei)育基于數(shu)據和人(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)的(de)工(gong)業(ye)技術支撐體(ti)系(xi),提升傳統(tong)工(gong)業(ye)裝(zhuang)備、自(zi)動(dong)化系(xi)統(tong)和工(gong)業(ye)軟件的(de)智(zhi)能(neng)化能(neng)力。
多(duo)方融(rong)(rong)合與(yu)協同(tong),營造良好發(fa)展生態。推動有效市場和有為(wei)政(zheng)(zheng)府更好結合,綜(zong)合運用財政(zheng)(zheng)、金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)等(deng)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)工具,促進企(qi)業加快(kuai)技術改造、設備(bei)更新(xin)。深入推進產融(rong)(rong)合作、產教融(rong)(rong)合,加強(qiang)資金(jin)(jin)、人才等(deng)要(yao)素的(de)保障(zhang)水平。依托工業互聯網(wang)產業聯盟(meng)、行(xing)業協會等(deng),匯聚企(qi)業、高(gao)校和科(ke)研(yan)院所、金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)構等(deng)各方力量,協同(tong)推動工業互聯網(wang)推廣應用。
(作者為(wei)中國信(xin)息通(tong)信(xin)研究(jiu)院院長)
夯實高質量發展根基
推動制造業高端化、智能化、綠色化發展
姜長云
制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)是立國(guo)之本、興國(guo)之器、強國(guo)之基。黨的(de)二十大(da)報告提出“推動制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)端(duan)化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)、綠色(se)(se)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展”,并將其作為建(jian)設現代化(hua)(hua)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)體系(xi)(xi)的(de)一個重要(yao)著(zhu)力點。習(xi)近(jin)(jin)平總書記(ji)指出:“深入實(shi)施制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)重大(da)技術改造(zao)(zao)升級和大(da)規模設備更新(xin)工程,推動制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)端(duan)化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)、綠色(se)(se)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展,讓傳(chuan)統產(chan)業(ye)(ye)煥發(fa)(fa)新(xin)的(de)生(sheng)機活力。”傳(chuan)統制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)是建(jian)設現代化(hua)(hua)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)體系(xi)(xi)和支撐國(guo)計民(min)生(sheng)的(de)重要(yao)基石。近(jin)(jin)年來,我國(guo)多措(cuo)并舉推動制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)高(gao)端(duan)化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)、綠色(se)(se)化(hua)(hua)轉型取得明(ming)顯成效。
推(tui)進制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技術改(gai)造(zao)升(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)。近年來,我(wo)國深入實施產業(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎再造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程和(he)重(zhong)大(da)(da)技術裝(zhuang)備攻(gong)關工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程、支持專(zhuan)精特新(xin)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展、推(tui)動新(xin)一輪(lun)大(da)(da)規模設備更(geng)新(xin)等。這些都是推(tui)動制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)端(duan)化(hua)發展的(de)(de)重(zhong)要舉措(cuo)。比如(ru),推(tui)動食(shi)品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術或裝(zhuang)備的(de)(de)改(gai)造(zao)升(sheng)(sheng)級(ji),有力促進了(le)(le)(le)食(shi)品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)端(duan)化(hua)發展,更(geng)好(hao)滿(man)足(zu)了(le)(le)(le)城鄉居(ju)(ju)民(min)多元(yuan)化(hua)的(de)(de)食(shi)物消費(fei)(fei)需求,促進了(le)(le)(le)食(shi)品加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)競(jing)爭力提升(sheng)(sheng);又如(ru),加(jia)強工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)母機領域技術攻(gong)關,創新(xin)成果不(bu)斷涌(yong)現,不(bu)僅(jin)有效帶動了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自動化(hua)的(de)(de)發展,還(huan)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提升(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體系的(de)(de)生產效率。先進適用(yong)技術的(de)(de)推(tui)廣應用(yong),加(jia)快了(le)(le)(le)傳統(tong)制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉型升(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)步伐,推(tui)動傳統(tong)制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)更(geng)好(hao)滿(man)足(zu)居(ju)(ju)民(min)消費(fei)(fei)結構升(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)、不(bu)斷開(kai)拓國際市場,不(bu)斷向價值鏈中(zhong)高(gao)端(duan)攀升(sheng)(sheng)。
推(tui)(tui)動(dong)企(qi)業(ye)智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)改造(zao)(zao)(zao)和(he)(he)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉(zhuan)型。近年(nian)來,隨著新一代(dai)信息技術(shu)與(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)深度融(rong)合,我(wo)國(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)的數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)水平(ping)不(bu)斷提(ti)(ti)(ti)升,智(zhi)能工(gong)(gong)廠和(he)(he)智(zhi)慧(hui)供應鏈加快建設(she)。許多傳統(tong)(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)通(tong)過實(shi)施智(zhi)能制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)程,推(tui)(tui)廣應用(yong)智(zhi)能制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)技術(shu),實(shi)現了(le)(le)定制(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產、自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產和(he)(he)精密制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)、低能耗制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao),不(bu)僅大(da)大(da)提(ti)(ti)(ti)高了(le)(le)生(sheng)產效率,拓展了(le)(le)技術(shu)創(chuang)(chuang)新和(he)(he)升級路(lu)徑,而且對企(qi)業(ye)增品(pin)種提(ti)(ti)(ti)品(pin)質創(chuang)(chuang)品(pin)牌、進(jin)(jin)而提(ti)(ti)(ti)高效益和(he)(he)競爭力(li)(li)也(ye)發揮了(le)(le)重要(yao)促進(jin)(jin)作用(yong)。比如,有(you)些家居(ju)企(qi)業(ye)通(tong)過推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉(zhuan)型、智(zhi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)設(she)計,形成(cheng)(cheng)大(da)規模個性化(hua)(hua)(hua)定制(zhi)(zhi)模式,成(cheng)(cheng)為從(cong)事整體(ti)廚房、全(quan)屋(wu)定制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)家居(ju)設(she)計研發、生(sheng)產、銷售的知名企(qi)業(ye),并入選智(zhi)能制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)示范(fan)工(gong)(gong)廠名單(dan)、服務型制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)示范(fan)名單(dan)等。同時(shi),借助工(gong)(gong)業(ye)互(hu)聯(lian)網等平(ping)臺,許多中小型制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)也(ye)實(shi)現了(le)(le)數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)轉(zhuan)型,企(qi)業(ye)發展動(dong)力(li)(li)、活力(li)(li)不(bu)斷增強。
實施(shi)(shi)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)程。近年(nian)來(lai),我國(guo)(guo)把(ba)發(fa)展(zhan)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)作(zuo)為推動(dong)傳(chuan)統(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業轉型升級(ji)的(de)重要方向(xiang),綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)體(ti)系加(jia)速形成(cheng)。目(mu)(mu)前,我國(guo)(guo)已在國(guo)(guo)家(jia)層(ceng)面(mian)累計(ji)培育建設(she)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)工(gong)(gong)廠5095家(jia)、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)工(gong)(gong)業園(yuan)區371家(jia)。初步測算,綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)工(gong)(gong)業園(yuan)區平均固廢處置利用率超過95%。綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)深入(ru)實施(shi)(shi),不僅有效(xiao)提升了(le)(le)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業質量效(xiao)益和(he)(he)競爭力,促進(jin)降碳(tan)、減(jian)污、擴綠(lv)(lv)、增長協同推進(jin),還為城(cheng)鄉居民提供了(le)(le)豐(feng)富(fu)多彩的(de)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)低碳(tan)產品,帶動(dong)了(le)(le)城(cheng)鄉居民生活方式(shi)的(de)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)化轉型。同時(shi),我國(guo)(guo)積極完善綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)和(he)(he)服務(wu)體(ti)系,全面(mian)推行綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)設(she)計(ji),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修訂一批節(jie)(jie)能減(jian)排降碳(tan)節(jie)(jie)水(shui)、資(zi)源綜合(he)利用和(he)(he)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)等重點領域標準。這些舉措引導了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業落(luo)后產能的(de)有序退出(chu),遏制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)高耗能、高排放(fang)、低水(shui)平項目(mu)(mu)的(de)盲目(mu)(mu)上馬,又促進(jin)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業提高資(zi)源利用效(xiao)率,推動(dong)了(le)(le)經濟社(she)會可持續發(fa)展(zhan)。
總的來看(kan),推動(dong)制(zhi)(zhi)造業高(gao)端化、智(zhi)能化、綠(lv)色化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),不僅有效促進(jin)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統產(chan)業轉型升級,還帶動(dong)了(le)(le)戰略性新(xin)興產(chan)業和(he)(he)未來產(chan)業的需求(qiu)擴張,夯實了(le)(le)高(gao)質量發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)根基。面向未來,要堅持把發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)經濟的著(zhu)力點放在實體經濟上(shang),深入推進(jin)新(xin)型工業化,及時將科(ke)技創新(xin)成果應用到具體產(chan)業和(he)(he)產(chan)業鏈上(shang),加(jia)快推動(dong)制(zhi)(zhi)造業高(gao)端化、智(zhi)能化、綠(lv)色化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),推動(dong)我國從制(zhi)(zhi)造大國向制(zhi)(zhi)造強國躍升。
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