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 核心提示

　　習近平總書記指(zhi)出(chu)，“全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)鄉村振興(xing)，必須用好改革(ge)這一(yi)法寶。要加(jia)快(kuai)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)農村重(zhong)(zhong)點領域(yu)和關鍵環(huan)節(jie)(jie)改革(ge)，激發(fa)農村資源要素活力”。《中共(gong)中央 國(guo)務(wu)院關于做好2022年全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)鄉村振興(xing)重(zhong)(zhong)點工作的意(yi)見(jian)》中也提出(chu)，要“抓(zhua)好農村改革(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)點任(ren)務(wu)落實”。我(wo)們要深刻認(ren)識加(jia)快(kuai)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)農村重(zhong)(zhong)點領域(yu)和關鍵環(huan)節(jie)(jie)改革(ge)的重(zhong)(zhong)要性，不斷(duan)深化農村改革(ge)，全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)鄉村振興(xing)。

　　新發展階段繼續深化農村土地制度改革

　　鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興是(shi)(shi)破解新時代“三(san)農(nong)”問題的(de)總抓(zhua)手。土(tu)(tu)地是(shi)(shi)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)最(zui)基(ji)本的(de)生產資(zi)料，是(shi)(shi)農(nong)民(min)賴以生存(cun)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)基(ji)本條件。農(nong)民(min)與土(tu)(tu)地的(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)是(shi)(shi)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)最(zui)基(ji)本的(de)生產關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。深化農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)改革，推進農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，工(gong)作可謂千(qian)頭(tou)萬緒。抓(zhua)住(zhu)農(nong)民(min)和土(tu)(tu)地的(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，就等于抓(zhua)住(zhu)了農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)生產關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)中的(de)主要(yao)矛盾，也就抓(zhua)住(zhu)了深化農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)改革的(de)主線。進入新發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)階段(duan)，必須處理好(hao)農(nong)民(min)與土(tu)(tu)地的(de)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，繼(ji)續深化農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)土(tu)(tu)地制度(du)改革。

　　要(yao)穩(wen)(wen)步推進農(nong)(nong)村承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)地(di)(di)的(de)所有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、經(jing)營(ying)權(quan)(quan)(quan)“三(san)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分置”改革。當(dang)前(qian)農(nong)(nong)村土地(di)(di)制度改革的(de)重點仍然是(shi)保持農(nong)(nong)村土地(di)(di)承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)關系穩(wen)(wen)定并長久不(bu)變，農(nong)(nong)村土地(di)(di)第二輪承(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)到(dao)期后再(zai)延(yan)長30年。同時，穩(wen)(wen)妥(tuo)慎重推進農(nong)(nong)村宅基(ji)地(di)(di)改革試點。探索宅基(ji)地(di)(di)集體(ti)所有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、農(nong)(nong)戶資(zi)格(ge)權(quan)(quan)(quan)和宅基(ji)地(di)(di)及農(nong)(nong)房使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)“三(san)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分置”實(shi)現(xian)形式，切實(shi)落實(shi)宅基(ji)地(di)(di)的(de)集體(ti)所有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、保障農(nong)(nong)戶資(zi)格(ge)權(quan)(quan)(quan)、適度放(fang)活宅基(ji)地(di)(di)房屋使(shi)用(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。在農(nong)(nong)村集體(ti)經(jing)營(ying)性(xing)(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)入(ru)市方面(mian)，根據(ju)法律不(bu)斷完善農(nong)(nong)村集體(ti)經(jing)營(ying)性(xing)(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)權(quan)(quan)(quan)能，穩(wen)(wen)妥(tuo)有(you)序(xu)推進農(nong)(nong)村集體(ti)經(jing)營(ying)性(xing)(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)入(ru)市，努力構(gou)建(jian)城鄉統一的(de)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)市場。

　　改革農村集體產權制度壯大農村集體經濟實力

　　農(nong)(nong)村集體產(chan)(chan)權制度(du)事關(guan)農(nong)(nong)民的根本(ben)利(li)益。進行農(nong)(nong)村集體產(chan)(chan)權制度(du)改革是鞏(gong)固社(she)會主義公(gong)有制、完(wan)善農(nong)(nong)村基(ji)本(ben)經營制度(du)的必然要(yao)求。建立(li)歸屬清晰(xi)、權能完(wan)整、流轉順暢、保護嚴格的農(nong)(nong)村集體產(chan)(chan)權制度(du)，是激發農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村發展活力的內在要(yao)求。

　　改(gai)革農村集體(ti)產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)制度，完善集體(ti)產(chan)(chan)權(quan)(quan)權(quan)(quan)能，有(you)助于實現農民對(dui)集體(ti)資產(chan)(chan)的占有(you)、使(shi)用和(he)收益分配(pei)的權(quan)(quan)利，拓(tuo)寬農民增收渠(qu)道，使(shi)農民共享(xiang)農村改(gai)革發展(zhan)(zhan)成果，是(shi)(shi)維(wei)護農民利益、增加農民財產(chan)(chan)性收入(ru)的重大舉措，也是(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)(zhan)新型農村集體(ti)經濟，不斷發展(zhan)(zhan)壯大農村集體(ti)經濟實力的有(you)效途徑。

　　實施鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰(zhan)略(lve)，是黨的十(shi)九大作出的重(zhong)(zhong)大決策部署。黨的十(shi)九大報(bao)告指出，“深化(hua)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)產(chan)(chan)權制(zhi)(zhi)度改革(ge)，保障農民(min)財產(chan)(chan)權益，壯大集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)。”其后，國家出臺了一系列深化(hua)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)產(chan)(chan)權制(zhi)(zhi)度改革(ge)的文件(jian)和政策。目前，農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)產(chan)(chan)權制(zhi)(zhi)度改革(ge)階段性(xing)任務(wu)基本完(wan)成(cheng)，新型(xing)(xing)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)組織成(cheng)為大多數農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)展村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)級經(jing)濟(ji)、增加村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)收入、維護(hu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)利益的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組織形式。未來，我們要(yao)(yao)用(yong)好改革(ge)成(cheng)果，不斷發(fa)(fa)展壯大新型(xing)(xing)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)，使(shi)新型(xing)(xing)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)為全面推(tui)進鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)著力(li)點。

　　健全體制機制走城鄉融合發展之路

　　在(zai)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)進程(cheng)中，能否處理好工農(nong)關系、城鄉(xiang)關系，在(zai)一定程(cheng)度上決定著現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的成敗。當前(qian)，城鄉(xiang)發展(zhan)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡、農(nong)村發展(zhan)不(bu)充分仍(reng)然(ran)是(shi)社會(hui)主要矛盾的集中體現(xian)(xian)，農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村仍(reng)然(ran)是(shi)社會(hui)主義現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)建(jian)設的突(tu)出短板，農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)的步伐(fa)跟不(bu)上快(kuai)速(su)推進的工業(ye)化(hua)、城鎮(zhen)化(hua)、信息(xi)化(hua)的現(xian)(xian)實仍(reng)然(ran)存在(zai)，城鄉(xiang)要素交換不(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)等(deng)、城鄉(xiang)基礎設施(shi)和公共服務不(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)衡的問題還比(bi)較突(tu)出。

　　習(xi)近平總書(shu)記指出(chu)，走(zou)中國特色(se)(se)社會(hui)主(zhu)義鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興道(dao)路(lu)，必(bi)須重(zhong)塑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關系(xi)(xi)，走(zou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)。2018年(nian)9月，習(xi)近平總書(shu)記在十九屆中央政治局(ju)第八(ba)次(ci)集(ji)體(ti)學習(xi)時強(qiang)調，“要(yao)走(zou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)，向(xiang)改革要(yao)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)，加快建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)政策體(ti)系(xi)(xi)” 。我們要(yao)遵循鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)自身發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規律和(he)(he)中國特色(se)(se)社會(hui)主(zhu)義城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)規律，走(zou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)路(lu)，形(xing)成工農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)互(hu)促、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)補、協調發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、共(gong)(gong)同(tong)繁榮的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型工農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關系(xi)(xi)，才(cai)能從根本(ben)(ben)上改變舊的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二元化(hua)格局(ju)，尊重(zhong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)在現(xian)代化(hua)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體(ti)性(xing)，重(zhong)新認識和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)功(gong)能和(he)(he)價值(zhi)，從而形(xing)成工農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)良(liang)性(xing)互(hu)動(dong)(dong)、協調發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、共(gong)(gong)同(tong)繁榮的(de)(de)(de)(de)格局(ju)。當(dang)前，要(yao)順應城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合(he)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)大趨勢(shi)，堅持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)優先發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總方針，在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)規劃布局(ju)、要(yao)素(su)(su)配置、產業發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施、公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)務、生態保護等方面(mian)構建(jian)(jian)起城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相互(hu)融(rong)(rong)合(he)和(he)(he)協同(tong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；要(yao)著力(li)(li)破(po)除戶籍、土地、資本(ben)(ben)、公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)務等方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)弊端，建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全(quan)有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)素(su)(su)合(he)理配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全(quan)有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)(ben)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)務普(pu)惠(hui)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全(quan)有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施一體(ti)化(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全(quan)有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)經濟社會(hui)協調發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、建(jian)(jian)立(li)健(jian)全(quan)有利(li)(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)收(shou)入持續(xu)增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。總之(zhi)(zhi)，要(yao)清(qing)除阻礙要(yao)素(su)(su)下鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)各種(zhong)障礙，吸(xi)引(yin)資本(ben)(ben)、技術、人才(cai)等要(yao)素(su)(su)更(geng)多向(xiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)流動(dong)(dong)，為鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興注(zhu)入新動(dong)(dong)能，增強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)活力(li)(li)。

　　運用系統思維推動農村改革取得新突破

　　“三農(nong)”工作(zuo)(zuo)具體(ti)又復雜，改(gai)革(ge)(ge)中涉及的利益(yi)也錯(cuo)綜復雜。一(yi)(yi)些涉及農(nong)民基本權益(yi)的改(gai)革(ge)(ge)，可謂是牽一(yi)(yi)發而動全(quan)身。因此，在(zai)(zai)推動農(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)的方法上(shang)，要(yao)堅(jian)持系統觀點和(he)系統思維，堅(jian)持各項改(gai)革(ge)(ge)措施聯(lian)動，同時用(yong)(yong)好改(gai)革(ge)(ge)試(shi)點試(shi)驗手(shou)段(duan)，推動農(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)不斷取(qu)得新突(tu)破。我們(men)要(yao)按照(zhao)習近平總書記在(zai)(zai)2020年中央農(nong)村(cun)工作(zuo)(zuo)會議上(shang)發表(biao)重要(yao)講話提出的要(yao)求去做，“必須看準了(le)再(zai)改(gai)，保持歷史耐心” 來進行。同時，深化農(nong)村(cun)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)要(yao)注(zhu)重政策配(pei)套和(he)配(pei)合，形成改(gai)革(ge)(ge)措施聯(lian)合聯(lian)動、改(gai)革(ge)(ge)系統整體(ti)效應，發揮(hui)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)的根(gen)本動力(li)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，有力(li)促進農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)發展。

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