促進共同富裕首先要做大做好“蛋糕”,然后切好分好“蛋糕”
共同(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)(yu)是習(xi)近平(ping)經濟思想的(de)(de)一個重要范疇,由“共同(tong)(tong)”和“富(fu)裕(yu)(yu)”兩個關(guan)(guan)鍵詞(ci)組成。“富(fu)裕(yu)(yu)”的(de)(de)前提是發展,要求把“蛋(dan)糕(gao)(gao)”做大做好(hao)(hao)(hao)。“共同(tong)(tong)”體(ti)(ti)現公平(ping),要求把“蛋(dan)糕(gao)(gao)”切(qie)好(hao)(hao)(hao)分好(hao)(hao)(hao)。做大做好(hao)(hao)(hao)“蛋(dan)糕(gao)(gao)”和切(qie)好(hao)(hao)(hao)分好(hao)(hao)(hao)“蛋(dan)糕(gao)(gao)”,體(ti)(ti)現的(de)(de)是增長和分配(pei)、效(xiao)率和公平(ping)的(de)(de)辯證(zheng)關(guan)(guan)系。共同(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)(yu)只有在堅(jian)持發展中才能實現,離開了(le)發展或脫離了(le)富(fu)裕(yu)(yu)這(zhe)個基礎,就(jiu)談不(bu)上共同(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)(yu)。
習近平總書(shu)記指出:“堅持以人(ren)民為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)思想,在高(gao)質量發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)促進共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)富裕,正確處理效率和公平的關系”。就(jiu)現(xian)實國(guo)情而言(yan),我國(guo)仍處于(yu)并將長期處于(yu)社會主(zhu)義初級階(jie)段,我國(guo)仍然(ran)是(shi)世界上(shang)最大(da)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家,發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)仍然(ran)是(shi)我們黨執政興國(guo)的第一要務(wu)。只有推動經(jing)濟(ji)持續健(jian)康(kang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),才能筑牢(lao)扎實推動共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)富裕的物質基(ji)礎(chu)。因(yin)此,發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)經(jing)濟(ji)、把“蛋糕”做(zuo)大(da)做(zuo)好(hao)仍然(ran)是(shi)我們的重要任務(wu)。只有緊緊抓住經(jing)濟(ji)建設這個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),通過全國(guo)人(ren)民共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)奮斗把“蛋糕”做(zuo)大(da)做(zuo)好(hao),然(ran)后(hou)通過合理的制度安(an)排把“蛋糕”切(qie)好(hao)分好(hao),才能厚(hou)植共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)富裕基(ji)礎(chu),最終(zhong)實現(xian)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)富裕。
促進共同富裕不是搞平均主義,而是要鼓勵勤勞創新致富
習近平(ping)(ping)總書記指出:“中國要實(shi)現共同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu),但(dan)不(bu)是(shi)搞(gao)平(ping)(ping)均主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)”“要鼓勵勤(qin)勞(lao)創新(xin)致(zhi)富(fu),堅持(chi)在(zai)發展中保(bao)障和(he)改善民生(sheng)”。共同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu)不(bu)是(shi)平(ping)(ping)均主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)。平(ping)(ping)均主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)雖(sui)然可以在(zai)短(duan)時間(jian)內拉平(ping)(ping)收入差距,貌(mao)似實(shi)現了分配結果(guo)上的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)等,但(dan)由于不(bu)能(neng)體(ti)現勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)貢獻的(de)(de)差別,缺乏機會(hui)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)和(he)過程公(gong)平(ping)(ping),會(hui)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)積(ji)極性主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)(dong)性創造(zao)(zao)性產生(sheng)負向激勵,導致(zhi)有創新(xin)能(neng)力的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)再(zai)創新(xin)、辛(xin)勤(qin)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)再(zai)勤(qin)勞(lao),經濟發展陷入停滯(zhi)甚至倒退。搞(gao)平(ping)(ping)均主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)非但(dan)實(shi)現不(bu)了共同(tong)富(fu)裕(yu),還會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成共同(tong)貧窮(qiong)。在(zai)這方面,我們(men)曾有過深(shen)刻的(de)(de)教訓。
促進共同富(fu)裕(yu)不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)不(bu)能(neng)搞平(ping)(ping)均主(zhu)義(yi),還要鼓勵勤勞(lao)創(chuang)新致富(fu)。幸(xing)福(fu)生(sheng)活都是奮斗出來的(de),共同富(fu)裕(yu)要靠(kao)勤勞(lao)和(he)智慧來創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)。只有(you)人(ren)人(ren)參與、人(ren)人(ren)盡(jin)力(li),才(cai)能(neng)真(zhen)正(zheng)實現人(ren)人(ren)享有(you)。要鼓勵勞(lao)動者通(tong)過(guo)(guo)辛(xin)勤勞(lao)動、合法經營(ying)、創(chuang)新創(chuang)業邁向幸(xing)福(fu)美好生(sheng)活。要認識(shi)到公(gong)平(ping)(ping)不(bu)僅(jin)(jin)包括結果公(gong)平(ping)(ping),也包括機會公(gong)平(ping)(ping)和(he)過(guo)(guo)程公(gong)平(ping)(ping)。既要關(guan)注結果公(gong)平(ping)(ping),縮小收(shou)入差(cha)距;又要關(guan)注機會公(gong)平(ping)(ping)和(he)過(guo)(guo)程公(gong)平(ping)(ping),營(ying)造(zao)(zao)尊(zun)重勞(lao)動、尊(zun)重知識(shi)、尊(zun)重人(ren)才(cai)、尊(zun)重創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)的(de)政策(ce)體系和(he)制度環境,為人(ren)們通(tong)過(guo)(guo)辛(xin)勤勞(lao)動、誠(cheng)實勞(lao)動、合法經營(ying)、創(chuang)新創(chuang)業增收(shou)致富(fu)創(chuang)造(zao)(zao)條件(jian),為人(ren)們通(tong)過(guo)(guo)奮斗改變命運提供通(tong)道。只有(you)在激勵勤勞(lao)和(he)創(chuang)新的(de)同時保證公(gong)平(ping)(ping),才(cai)能(neng)形成正(zheng)確的(de)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)觀(guan),逐步實現共同富(fu)裕(yu)。
促進共同富裕要植根于社會主義市場經濟土壤,堅持社會主義基本經濟制度
習(xi)近平總書記指出:“搞社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟是(shi)我們黨的一個偉(wei)大(da)(da)創(chuang)(chuang)造”“提出建(jian)立社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟體制的改革(ge)目標,這是(shi)我們黨在(zai)建(jian)設中國(guo)特色社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)進程中的一個重(zhong)大(da)(da)理(li)論(lun)和實踐創(chuang)(chuang)新,解決了世(shi)界上其他社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)國(guo)家長(chang)期沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)解決的一個重(zhong)大(da)(da)問題”。堅(jian)持社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟改革(ge)方向,核心問題是(shi)處理(li)好政府(fu)和市(shi)(shi)場(chang)的關系(xi),使市(shi)(shi)場(chang)在(zai)資源配置(zhi)中起決定性作用(yong),更好發揮政府(fu)作用(yong),推(tui)動有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)和有(you)(you)(you)為政府(fu)更好結合。這表明,無(wu)論(lun)是(shi)加大(da)(da)稅收、社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)保(bao)障、轉移支付等的調(diao)節力度,還是(shi)完(wan)善公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)政策制度體系(xi),在(zai)教育、醫(yi)療、養老(lao)、住房(fang)等人民群眾(zhong)最關心的領(ling)域精準(zhun)提供基本公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu),抑或是(shi)支持有(you)(you)(you)意愿有(you)(you)(you)能力的企業(ye)和個人積極參與公(gong)益(yi)慈善事(shi)業(ye),都要(yao)與發展社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟有(you)(you)(you)機結合起來,在(zai)堅(jian)持社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)基本經(jing)濟制度的前提下推(tui)進。
植根于社會主義市場(chang)經(jing)濟(ji)土壤促進(jin)共同富(fu)裕,就(jiu)要(yao)發(fa)揮(hui)高(gao)收入群體(ti)和(he)企業家(jia)的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),鼓勵他們更多回(hui)報社會,而絕不是“劫富(fu)濟(ji)貧”;就(jiu)要(yao)通過(guo)慈善捐款(kuan)等方式發(fa)揮(hui)第三次(ci)分配對(dui)于改善分配結構的補充(chong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),堅持自愿而非強(qiang)制的原(yuan)則(ze),反對(dui)任何形式的“逼捐”;就(jiu)要(yao)更好(hao)發(fa)揮(hui)政府(fu)在收入分配以及公共服務供給中的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),同時注意不能(neng)提(ti)過(guo)高(gao)的目標、搞過(guo)頭的保障,堅決防止(zhi)落入“福利主義”養懶(lan)漢的陷阱(jing)。
促進(jin)共(gong)同富(fu)(fu)裕(yu),要通過堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)和完(wan)(wan)善社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義基本經(jing)濟制(zhi)(zhi)度,實(shi)現(xian)效率和公平相統一(yi)、相促進(jin)。“堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)兩個(ge)毫不動搖”,堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu)體、多(duo)種(zhong)所有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟共(gong)同發(fa)展,大(da)力(li)發(fa)揮公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟在(zai)促進(jin)共(gong)同富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)中(zhong)的(de)重要作用,同時促進(jin)非(fei)公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟健(jian)康發(fa)展、非(fei)公有(you)制(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)濟人(ren)士健(jian)康成(cheng)長(chang)。堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)按勞(lao)(lao)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)為主(zhu)體、多(duo)種(zhong)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)方式(shi)并(bing)存,既堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)多(duo)勞(lao)(lao)多(duo)得,著重保護勞(lao)(lao)動所得,提高(gao)勞(lao)(lao)動報酬在(zai)初(chu)次(ci)(ci)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)中(zhong)的(de)比重,又健(jian)全以稅(shui)收、社(she)會(hui)(hui)保障、轉移支付等為主(zhu)要手段(duan)的(de)再分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)調節機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi),還(huan)要完(wan)(wan)善第三(san)次(ci)(ci)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi),發(fa)展慈(ci)善等社(she)會(hui)(hui)公益事業(ye)。構建(jian)高(gao)水平社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義市(shi)場經(jing)濟體制(zhi)(zhi),堅(jian)(jian)持(chi)(chi)(chi)要素市(shi)場化(hua)配(pei)(pei)(pei)置,致(zhi)力(li)于(yu)實(shi)現(xian)要素價格由市(shi)場決定、流動自主(zhu)有(you)序、配(pei)(pei)(pei)置高(gao)效公平,允許(xu)一(yi)部分(fen)人(ren)先富(fu)(fu)起來(lai),同時強調先富(fu)(fu)帶(dai)后富(fu)(fu)、幫后富(fu)(fu),重點鼓勵辛勤勞(lao)(lao)動、合法經(jing)營、敢于(yu)創業(ye)的(de)致(zhi)富(fu)(fu)帶(dai)頭人(ren)。
促進共同富裕不僅是經濟問題,而且牽動社會再生產各方面和國家治理各領域
促(cu)進共同富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu),牽動社(she)會再生(sheng)產各方面(mian)和(he)國家治理各領(ling)域(yu),是(shi)一個關系發展全局(ju)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。它不僅是(shi)分配問(wen)題(ti),而(er)且涉及生(sheng)產、交換、消費。它也不僅是(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)問(wen)題(ti),而(er)是(shi)與政治建設(she)(she)、文(wen)化建設(she)(she)、社(she)會建設(she)(she)、生(sheng)態文(wen)明建設(she)(she)都(dou)密切相關。無(wu)論是(shi)單純就分配維度(du)談共同富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu),寄希(xi)望于(yu)(yu)通(tong)過單一的(de)分配制度(du)調整來改善收入和(he)財富(fu)(fu)分配格局(ju),還是(shi)局(ju)限于(yu)(yu)經(jing)濟(ji)視域(yu)論共同富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu),寄希(xi)望于(yu)(yu)通(tong)過單一的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)制度(du)變(bian)革來縮(suo)小收入和(he)財富(fu)(fu)分配差(cha)距,都(dou)是(shi)不全面(mian)的(de)。
促進共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕,要(yao)(yao)從統籌兼顧經(jing)濟(ji)社(she)會(hui)(hui)各方面發展(zhan)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)出發,堅持經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)、社(she)會(hui)(hui)進步(bu)和(he)人(ren)民(min)生(sheng)活(huo)改善并重,綜(zong)合(he)施策(ce)。既要(yao)(yao)不斷(duan)解放和(he)發展(zhan)社(she)會(hui)(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)力(li),不斷(duan)創造(zao)和(he)積累社(she)會(hui)(hui)財(cai)富(fu)(fu),又(you)(you)要(yao)(yao)防止兩極(ji)分化(hua)和(he)階層(ceng)固化(hua),實現社(she)會(hui)(hui)和(he)諧安(an)定(ding)。既要(yao)(yao)通(tong)過高(gao)質量(liang)發展(zhan)提(ti)高(gao)效(xiao)率效(xiao)益,又(you)(you)要(yao)(yao)著力(li)從制度安(an)排上促進社(she)會(hui)(hui)公(gong)(gong)平正義,讓發展(zhan)成果更多更公(gong)(gong)平惠及全體(ti)人(ren)民(min)。既要(yao)(yao)關注低(di)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)群體(ti),逐步(bu)提(ti)高(gao)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)最低(di)生(sheng)活(huo)保(bao)障水平,兜(dou)牢基本生(sheng)活(huo)底線(xian),解決貧(pin)困(kun)問題,又(you)(you)要(yao)(yao)鼓勵探索(suo)致富(fu)(fu)途徑,通(tong)過保(bao)護產(chan)權和(he)知識產(chan)權,保(bao)護合(he)法(fa)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)、合(he)法(fa)致富(fu)(fu)。既要(yao)(yao)關注“富(fu)(fu)口袋(dai)”,不斷(duan)增加城(cheng)鄉(xiang)居民(min)收(shou)入(ru)(ru),又(you)(you)要(yao)(yao)關注“富(fu)(fu)腦袋(dai)”,發展(zhan)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)文(wen)化(hua)事業(ye),完善公(gong)(gong)共(gong)文(wen)化(hua)服務體(ti)系,不斷(duan)滿足人(ren)民(min)群眾多樣化(hua)、多層(ceng)次、多方面的精神文(wen)化(hua)需求(qiu)、增強(qiang)人(ren)民(min)精神力(li)量(liang)。
只有在生(sheng)(sheng)產、分配(pei)、交(jiao)換、消費(fei)以(yi)及經濟建設(she)、政治建設(she)、文化(hua)建設(she)、社(she)會(hui)建設(she)、生(sheng)(sheng)態文明建設(she)的(de)相互聯系和(he)彼此依存(cun)中促進共同富裕,才能統籌社(she)會(hui)再生(sheng)(sheng)產各(ge)方(fang)面(mian)、協調國家治理各(ge)領域(yu),促進人的(de)全面(mian)發展和(he)社(she)會(hui)全面(mian)進步,實現人民(min)群眾(zhong)物(wu)質生(sheng)(sheng)活和(he)精(jing)神生(sheng)(sheng)活都富裕。
實現共同富裕是一個長期的歷史過程,需要分階段促進共同富裕
實(shi)(shi)(shi)現共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目標,是(shi)一個(ge)長期的(de)歷史過程。習近平總書記指(zhi)出:“要(yao)深入(ru)研究(jiu)不(bu)同(tong)階段的(de)目標,分階段促(cu)進共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu):到‘十四(si)五(wu)’末,全體人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)邁出堅實(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu)伐,居民收(shou)入(ru)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)際消費(fei)水(shui)(shui)平差距逐步(bu)縮小。到2035年,全體人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)取(qu)得(de)更為明(ming)顯的(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)性進展,基(ji)本公共(gong)服務實(shi)(shi)(shi)現均等化。到本世紀中葉(xie),全體人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)基(ji)本實(shi)(shi)(shi)現,居民收(shou)入(ru)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)際消費(fei)水(shui)(shui)平差距縮小到合理區間。”從“十四(si)五(wu)”到本世紀中葉(xie),從全體人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)邁出堅實(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu)伐到全體人(ren)(ren)民共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)基(ji)本實(shi)(shi)(shi)現,促(cu)進共(gong)同(tong)富(fu)(fu)裕(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)既等不(bu)得(de)也急不(bu)得(de),是(shi)一個(ge)需要(yao)耐心、實(shi)(shi)(shi)打實(shi)(shi)(shi)把一件(jian)件(jian)事辦好的(de)長期過程。
當(dang)前,我國(guo)發展(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)平衡(heng)不(bu)充(chong)分(fen)問題(ti)(ti)仍然突出,在(zai)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)生產力條件(jian)(jian)下,區(qu)域(yu)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)、城鄉之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)及個(ge)體之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)存(cun)在(zai)適度差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)是(shi)正(zheng)常的(de)。各地(di)區(qu)推(tui)動(dong)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)和條件(jian)(jian)不(bu)盡相同(tong)(tong)(tong),不(bu)可能齊頭并進。既要(yao)自覺主動(dong)解決地(di)區(qu)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)、城鄉差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)、收入差(cha)(cha)距(ju)(ju)等問題(ti)(ti),促進基(ji)(ji)本(ben)公共(gong)服務均等化(hua),又(you)要(yao)清(qing)醒認識到全體人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕不(bu)是(shi)所有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)都(dou)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)富(fu)裕,也(ye)不(bu)是(shi)所有(you)(you)(you)地(di)區(qu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)達(da)到一個(ge)富(fu)裕水準,不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)人(ren)(ren)群不(bu)僅(jin)實現(xian)富(fu)裕的(de)程(cheng)度有(you)(you)(you)高有(you)(you)(you)低,時(shi)間(jian)(jian)上也(ye)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)先有(you)(you)(you)后,不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)區(qu)富(fu)裕程(cheng)度還會(hui)存(cun)在(zai)一定差(cha)(cha)異。共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕是(shi)一個(ge)在(zai)動(dong)態中向(xiang)前發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)過程(cheng)。在(zai)促進共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕過程(cheng)中,既要(yao)盡力而為(wei),又(you)要(yao)量力而行(xing)。要(yao)統籌需要(yao)和可能,按照經(jing)濟(ji)社會(hui)發展(zhan)(zhan)規律循序漸進,腳(jiao)踏實地(di)、久久為(wei)功,因地(di)制宜探索有(you)(you)(you)效途徑,把保障和改善民(min)(min)生、促進共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕建立在(zai)經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)(zhan)和財力可持(chi)(chi)續基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)之(zhi)上,持(chi)(chi)續推(tui)動(dong),不(bu)斷取得成效,穩步朝著共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)富(fu)裕目標邁進。
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