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促進城鄉要素雙向流動
時間:2024-09-23 09:19:13  來源:中國發展觀察  作者:

 黨的(de)(de)二(er)十屆三中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)會通過的(de)(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央關(guan)于進一步全(quan)面深化改革、推進中(zhong)(zhong)國式(shi)現代化的(de)(de)決定》(以下簡稱《決定》)強調城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)是中(zhong)(zhong)國式(shi)現代化的(de)(de)必然要求,聚(ju)焦完善城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)體(ti)制機(ji)制,部署了一系列重(zhong)大(da)改革任(ren)務。重(zhong)塑城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)關(guan)系、推進城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)是新階段新征程促(cu)進鄉(xiang)村全(quan)面振興的(de)(de)必由之路,也(ye)是暢通國內大(da)循環、構建新發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)格局(ju)的(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)舉措。推進城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)(rong)合發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),關(guan)鍵(jian)在于破除(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)二(er)元(yuan)體(ti)制、消除(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)要素平等交換和雙向流動的(de)(de)體(ti)制機(ji)制障礙。

準確把握城鄉融合發展的歷史方位

改(gai)革開放特別是(shi)黨(dang)的十(shi)八大(da)以(yi)來,我國(guo)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)面貌都發生了(le)巨(ju)大(da)變化,城(cheng)鄉(xiang)居民收入倍(bei)差(cha)從(cong)2012年的2.88縮小(xiao)到2023年的2.39,農(nong)村基礎設施和公共服務(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)改(gai)善。但目前城(cheng)鄉(xiang)差(cha)距仍然較大(da),農(nong)業農(nong)村現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化仍然是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化的突出短板。在(zai)新的起點(dian)上接(jie)續(xu)推(tui)進中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化,一(yi)(yi)個重大(da)任務(wu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)繼(ji)續(xu)消(xiao)除仍然存在(zai)的城(cheng)鄉(xiang)二元結構,一(yi)(yi)方面使農(nong)業農(nong)村農(nong)民跟得(de)上國(guo)家現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化步伐、共享改(gai)革發展成果,另一(yi)(yi)方面暢通城(cheng)鄉(xiang)經濟(ji)循(xun)環、充分發揮(hui)鄉(xiang)村作為消(xiao)費(fei)市(shi)場和要(yao)(yao)素(su)市(shi)場的重要(yao)(yao)作用。《決定》強調城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合(he)發展是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化的必(bi)然要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),正是(shi)基于這個考慮。

(一(yi))城鄉融合發展是重塑城鄉關系、促(cu)進農業農村現代化的(de)實踐續篇和(he)時代新(xin)篇

新(xin)中國(guo)成(cheng)立以后相當長的(de)(de)(de)時期內,在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)歷史起點上(shang),為了(le)加快國(guo)家工(gong)業化(hua)進(jin)程,逐(zhu)步形(xing)成(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元體(ti)(ti)(ti)制,固化(hua)既有(you)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元結構(gou)。改革開放后,盡管(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元結構(gou)在逐(zhu)步消除、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)二(er)元體(ti)(ti)(ti)制被(bei)逐(zhu)步打破(po),但直到世(shi)紀(ji)之交,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展差距(ju)大(da)、要素雙向流動不暢的(de)(de)(de)問題依然(ran)突出。為確(que)保到2020年全面(mian)建成(cheng)小康社會,黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)六大(da)明確(que)提(ti)出要統(tong)籌(chou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)經濟社會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)大(da)、十(shi)(shi)八(ba)大(da)提(ti)出要促進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)。黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)九大(da)、二(er)十(shi)(shi)大(da)強調要促進(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)統(tong)籌(chou)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)化(hua)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合,既一(yi)脈相承,又(you)層層遞進(jin)(見表(biao)1)。

資料來源:作者整理。

(二(er))城鄉(xiang)融合發展(zhan)是暢通國內大循環、構建新發展(zhan)格局的重大舉措

構建以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)(da)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體、國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際雙(shuang)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)相(xiang)互(hu)促(cu)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新發(fa)展格局已成為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略(lve)抉擇,應(ying)站在(zai)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)方位觀察(cha)和(he)(he)思考城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)系(xi)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發(fa)展。2020年12月28日(ri),習(xi)近(jin)平總(zong)書記在(zai)中央農村工作會(hui)(hui)議上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)講話中指(zhi)出:“幾億農民(min)(min)同步邁向(xiang)全面(mian)現代化,能(neng)夠釋(shi)放出巨量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)費和(he)(he)投資需(xu)求。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)(da)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)中應(ying)有(you)之(zhi)義(yi),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)確保國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際雙(shuang)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)比例關(guan)系(xi)健康(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵因(yin)素。”2023年1月31日(ri),習(xi)近(jin)平總(zong)書記在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)持中央政治局第二(er)次集體學習(xi)時強調,“只有(you)實(shi)現了城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、區域協調發(fa)展,國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)(da)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間才能(neng)更廣闊、成色才能(neng)更足。鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村既(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)費市(shi)(shi)場,又是(shi)(shi)(shi)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素市(shi)(shi)場,是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)(da)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)組成部分(fen)(fen)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)充分(fen)(fen)發(fa)揮鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村作為(wei)消(xiao)費市(shi)(shi)場和(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)作用,全面(mian)推(tui)進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村振興(xing),推(tui)進以(yi)縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)載體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮化建設,推(tui)動(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發(fa)展,增(zeng)強城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)聯(lian)系(xi),暢通城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)。”推(tui)進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發(fa)展,有(you)利(li)于提高資源配置效率和(he)(he)居民(min)(min)消(xiao)費率,促(cu)進經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)實(shi)際增(zeng)長率向(xiang)潛在(zai)增(zeng)長率靠攏(long),是(shi)(shi)(shi)暢通國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)(da)循(xun)(xun)(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)攻(gong)方向(xiang)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。推(tui)進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合(he)發(fa)展,有(you)利(li)于滿(man)足人民(min)(min)日(ri)益增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美好生活需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao),有(you)利(li)于實(shi)現“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)讓(rang)生活更美好”這一(yi)(yi)(yi)進城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)農民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)、部分(fen)(fen)市(shi)(shi)民(min)(min)對“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村讓(rang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)更向(xiang)往”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)渴望,是(shi)(shi)(shi)緩解(jie)社會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)矛(mao)盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)選項之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)。

(三)城鄉融(rong)合(he)發展的本(ben)質(zhi)和維度(du)

城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合發展的本質,是(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)城(cheng)鎮和(he)鄉(xiang)村各(ge)(ge)自(zi)的比(bi)較優(you)勢、發揮城(cheng)鎮和(he)鄉(xiang)村各(ge)(ge)自(zi)的特(te)定功能(neng)推動高(gao)質量(liang)發展。城(cheng)鎮與鄉(xiang)村,不是(shi)(shi)誰利(li)用(yong)(yong)誰,也不是(shi)(shi)誰恩賜誰。城(cheng)鎮的比(bi)較優(you)勢是(shi)(shi)資源集聚(ju)效應(ying)強、創新(xin)活力足,可以(yi)吸(xi)納大量(liang)農村人(ren)口進(jin)城(cheng)從事效率(lv)(lv)更(geng)高(gao)的工作、創造(zao)更(geng)多(duo)的社會財富,使留(liu)在農村的人(ren)口可以(yi)占有和(he)使用(yong)(yong)更(geng)多(duo)的人(ren)均(jun)資源、提(ti)(ti)高(gao)勞動生產(chan)率(lv)(lv)和(he)收入水平(ping)。鄉(xiang)村的比(bi)較優(you)勢是(shi)(shi)空間廣闊、環境(jing)優(you)美、生活成(cheng)本低(di),可以(yi)為(wei)城(cheng)鎮居民提(ti)(ti)供(gong)食物來源、休閑和(he)養(yang)老去處、鄉(xiang)愁記憶,為(wei)城(cheng)鎮提(ti)(ti)供(gong)生態屏障。

城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融(rong)合發展(zhan)的維(wei)度(du),在(zai)規劃(hua)、建設(she)、治(zhi)理融(rong)合。規劃(hua)維(wei)度(du)的融(rong)合,是(shi)要把城(cheng)和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)放在(zai)一(yi)張圖上、作為一(yi)個整(zheng)體進(jin)行(xing)戰略謀(mou)劃(hua)和(he)(he)統籌布(bu)局,突出各自(zi)的功能(neng)和(he)(he)特色。建設(she)維(wei)度(du)的融(rong)合,是(shi)要推動(dong)城(cheng)鎮基(ji)礎設(she)施和(he)(he)公共服(fu)務體系(xi)向周邊鄉(xiang)村延伸,在(zai)鄉(xiang)村空間布(bu)局建設(she)服(fu)務城(cheng)鎮的郊野公園、露(lu)營基(ji)地、文(wen)體活動(dong)設(she)施。治(zhi)理維(wei)度(du)的融(rong)合,是(shi)要推動(dong)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)教育、醫療、養(yang)老等制度(du)銜接并軌,促進(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)文(wen)化交流,促進(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)社會治(zhi)安(an)聯防聯控(kong)。

推(tui)進(jin)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合發(fa)展(zhan)勢必帶來社(she)會結(jie)構和利益關系的深刻調整,既(ji)要(yao)防范風險(xian)、守(shou)住底線,又(you)要(yao)順應潮流(liu)、大膽探索。各地發(fa)展(zhan)階段不同、資(zi)源(yuan)稟賦差別大,應分區分類(lei)、分步驟推(tui)進(jin)。

清醒(xing)認識城鄉(xiang)要素雙向(xiang)流動存在(zai)的突出問(wen)題

近(jin)年來,通過加快完善(shan)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)發展一體(ti)化體(ti)制機制、促進城(cheng)鄉(xiang)要(yao)素(su)平等(deng)交換和公共資源均衡配置,實施鄉(xiang)村(cun)振興戰略、建立健全城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合(he)發展體(ti)制機制和政策體(ti)系(xi),城(cheng)鄉(xiang)要(yao)素(su)雙(shuang)向(xiang)流動(dong)日趨活躍。但與構建新發展格局、推(tui)動(dong)高質量發展的新要(yao)求相比,城(cheng)鄉(xiang)之間“人、地、錢”等(deng)要(yao)素(su)雙(shuang)向(xiang)流動(dong)仍(reng)存在不少突出問(wen)題。

(一)城鄉之(zhi)間“人(ren)”的(de)雙向流動存在的(de)突出問題

在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)式現代化進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong),城(cheng)(cheng)鄉之間“人(ren)(ren)(ren)”的流動(dong)(dong)(dong)規(gui)模(mo)巨(ju)大,走(zou)出了一(yi)條中(zhong)國(guo)式農民進(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)道路。農業(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)大規(gui)模(mo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向非農產業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市,是經濟增(zeng)長(chang)的重要(yao)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)量(liang),也是全(quan)要(yao)素生(sheng)(sheng)產率提(ti)高的重要(yao)源(yuan)泉(quan)。盡(jin)管(guan)在(zai)推進(jin)(jin)以(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為本的新型城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化進(jin)(jin)程(cheng)中(zhong),國(guo)家強(qiang)調(diao)促進(jin)(jin)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移人(ren)(ren)(ren)口市民化,但(dan)受(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)市戶(hu)籍制度等限制,相(xiang)當(dang)數量(liang)的農業(ye)(ye)(ye)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)移人(ren)(ren)(ren)口依然具有高流動(dong)(dong)(dong)性特征(zheng)。這給經濟社會(hui)發展(zhan)帶來不(bu)(bu)利(li)影響(xiang):為給返鄉留(liu)退路,遲(chi)滯了承包地(di)和(he)宅基地(di)的流轉(zhuan)(zhuan),不(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)規(gui)模(mo)擴大和(he)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)產率提(ti)高,宅基地(di)和(he)農房大量(liang)閑(xian)置(zhi);缺乏在(zai)務工(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)市定居的預期(qi)(qi),抑(yi)制了城(cheng)(cheng)市化的擴內需(xu)效應,降(jiang)低了農民工(gong)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)用(yong)工(gong)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)職業(ye)(ye)(ye)技能進(jin)(jin)行(xing)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)投資的內在(zai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li);部分(fen)農民工(gong)為照顧(gu)留(liu)守(shou)農村(cun)的老人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)兒(er)童,過早退出城(cheng)(cheng)市就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)市場,勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)在(zai)農村(cun)得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)有效利(li)用(yong),加快了人(ren)(ren)(ren)口紅(hong)利(li)下(xia)降(jiang)的步(bu)伐;農村(cun)留(liu)守(shou)兒(er)童得不(bu)(bu)到(dao)父母關愛,進(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)農民工(gong)子女享受(shou)不(bu)(bu)到(dao)平等的受(shou)教育機(ji)會(hui),不(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)下(xia)一(yi)代健康(kang)成長(chang)和(he)社會(hui)階(jie)層流動(dong)(dong)(dong)。同時,城(cheng)(cheng)市有下(xia)鄉創業(ye)(ye)(ye)意愿的人(ren)(ren)(ren)員、有下(xia)鄉居住生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)需(xu)求的人(ren)(ren)(ren)員也難以(yi)進(jin)(jin)入農村(cun),不(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)農村(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口結構優化、社會(hui)活(huo)力(li)(li)增(zeng)強(qiang)和(he)多元(yuan)功能釋放。

(二)城鄉之間“地(di)”的(de)雙向流動存(cun)在的(de)突出問題

土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)是(shi)聯結(jie)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)重要(yao)紐帶,在(zai)(zai)工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)進程中表(biao)(biao)現為物理形(xing)態的(de)(de)生產要(yao)素從農(nong)村(cun)流向(xiang)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程度上也表(biao)(biao)現為價(jia)值形(xing)態的(de)(de)增值收(shou)益(yi)從城(cheng)鎮流向(xiang)農(nong)村(cun)。我(wo)國(guo)長期實(shi)行(xing)的(de)(de)建設用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)必須使用(yong)(yong)(yong)國(guo)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)、國(guo)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)通過征(zheng)收(shou)農(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)而(er)來、征(zheng)收(shou)按原用(yong)(yong)(yong)途補償的(de)(de)獨(du)特制(zhi)(zhi)度安排(pai),降低了工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)要(yao)素成本、增強了城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)資金籌集(ji)(ji)能力,更為關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)是(shi)發揮了政府在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)征(zheng)收(shou)中的(de)(de)主導作用(yong)(yong)(yong)、大幅降低了土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)征(zheng)收(shou)的(de)(de)協調(diao)成本。但這套制(zhi)(zhi)度安排(pai)也帶來明顯問(wen)題:被征(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)農(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)經濟組織(zhi)和農(nong)民對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)增值收(shou)益(yi)的(de)(de)分享(xiang)不(bu)足,產生一(yi)系(xi)列社會矛盾;土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)征(zheng)收(shou)成本低,導致土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)快于人的(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua),城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)國(guo)有(you)(you)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)效率不(bu)高;農(nong)村(cun)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)權(quan)不(bu)得(de)單獨(du)出(chu)讓、轉讓或者出(chu)租(zu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于非(fei)農(nong)業建設,限制(zhi)(zhi)了外(wai)來資本進入鄉(xiang)村(cun)的(de)(de)途徑;農(nong)村(cun)宅(zhai)基地(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)權(quan)不(bu)得(de)流轉給非(fei)本集(ji)(ji)體(ti)經濟組織(zhi)成員,不(bu)僅抑制(zhi)(zhi)了宅(zhai)基地(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)權(quan)的(de)(de)價(jia)值實(shi)現,而(er)且減損了農(nong)房財(cai)產權(quan)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場價(jia)值。

(三)城鄉之間“錢”的(de)雙向流動存在的(de)突出問題(ti)

新中(zhong)國(guo)成立后(hou)一(yi)個時期,工業(ye)(ye)化具有(you)較(jiao)強的內生(sheng)性(xing),主要(yao)靠工農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)品(pin)價格剪刀差、稅收(shou)和儲(chu)蓄等方式從(cong)(cong)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)提(ti)取資(zi)(zi)(zi)金積累。盡管實(shi)行市場化改革后(hou)強調農(nong)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)國(guo)民經濟的基礎、要(yao)大(da)力發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)業(ye)(ye),但受從(cong)(cong)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)提(ti)取工業(ye)(ye)化資(zi)(zi)(zi)金積累慣性(xing)的作(zuo)用,直至(zhi)加(jia)入(ru)(ru)(ru)世貿組(zu)織后(hou)的頭(tou)幾年,我國(guo)特定產(chan)品(pin)的“黃箱”支持(chi)(chi)總量仍是(shi)負(fu)值。黨的十六大(da)以后(hou),我國(guo)進入(ru)(ru)(ru)工業(ye)(ye)反(fan)哺農(nong)業(ye)(ye)、城市支持(chi)(chi)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)階(jie)段,通過(guo)財政轉移(yi)支付(fu)、農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)價格支持(chi)(chi)逐步實(shi)現資(zi)(zi)(zi)金凈流(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun),但通過(guo)儲(chu)蓄仍呈現資(zi)(zi)(zi)金凈流(liu)出農(nong)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的局面。與此(ci)同時,通過(guo)經營主體直接實(shi)現的農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金進入(ru)(ru)(ru)城市、城市資(zi)(zi)(zi)金進入(ru)(ru)(ru)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)的活動(dong)也遇(yu)到一(yi)些障礙(ai)。

著力完善城鄉要素雙向流動體制機制

從城(cheng)鄉融合的(de)(de)紐(niu)帶(dai)看,重點是“人(ren)、地(di)、錢(qian)”。以“人(ren)”為紐(niu)帶(dai),就(jiu)是要(yao)(yao)促(cu)(cu)進(jin)以人(ren)為本(ben)的(de)(de)新型城(cheng)鎮(zhen)化,推行由常(chang)住(zhu)(zhu)地(di)登(deng)記戶口(kou)提供基本(ben)公(gong)共服務制(zhi)度(du),推動符合條(tiao)件的(de)(de)農業(ye)轉移人(ren)口(kou)社會(hui)保(bao)(bao)險、住(zhu)(zhu)房保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)、隨遷子(zi)女義務教育等(deng)(deng)享有同(tong)(tong)遷入(ru)(ru)(ru)地(di)戶籍(ji)人(ren)口(kou)同(tong)(tong)等(deng)(deng)權利(li)(li),促(cu)(cu)進(jin)農業(ye)轉移人(ren)口(kou)在生計保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)、社會(hui)心理(li)和(he)文化認(ren)同(tong)(tong)上融入(ru)(ru)(ru)常(chang)住(zhu)(zhu)地(di)社會(hui);同(tong)(tong)時,也要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)重促(cu)(cu)進(jin)城(cheng)市人(ren)才(cai)到農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)去參與鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing),滿足部分市民到農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)居住(zhu)(zhu)生活的(de)(de)愿望(wang)。以“地(di)”為紐(niu)帶(dai),就(jiu)是要(yao)(yao)深(shen)化國土(tu)空(kong)間用途管制(zhi)和(he)規劃許可制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)革(ge),著力構(gou)建城(cheng)鄉統(tong)一的(de)(de)建設(she)用地(di)市場,有序(xu)推進(jin)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)經營(ying)性建設(she)用地(di)入(ru)(ru)(ru)市制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)革(ge),允許農戶合法擁有的(de)(de)住(zhu)(zhu)房通過出租、入(ru)(ru)(ru)股、合作(zuo)等(deng)(deng)方式盤活利(li)(li)用,增強(qiang)土(tu)地(di)要(yao)(yao)素對(dui)(dui)優(you)勢(shi)地(di)區(qu)高(gao)質量(liang)發展的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)能力,使(shi)優(you)勢(shi)地(di)區(qu)有更(geng)大發展空(kong)間。以“錢(qian)”為紐(niu)帶(dai),就(jiu)是要(yao)(yao)繼(ji)續堅持農業(ye)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)優(you)先發展,完善鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)機制(zhi),加(jia)強(qiang)公(gong)共財政強(qiang)農惠農富農支(zhi)持制(zhi)度(du),鼓勵、支(zhi)持社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)金到農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)興(xing)業(ye);在加(jia)大對(dui)(dui)鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)普惠性投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)支(zhi)持的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)時,重點關注(zhu)農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)低收入(ru)(ru)(ru)人(ren)口(kou)和(he)欠發達地(di)區(qu),不僅要(yao)(yao)做到防止規模性返(fan)貧,而且(qie)要(yao)(yao)縮(suo)小農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)內部不同(tong)(tong)群體(ti)(ti)和(he)不同(tong)(tong)地(di)區(qu)間農村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)發展差距。

(一)完善城鄉人(ren)口雙(shuang)向流動體制機制

一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)著力(li)完善農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)市(shi)(shi)民化體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在構(gou)建(jian)(jian)新(xin)發展格局的(de)(de)(de)時代背景下,應(ying)圍(wei)繞提(ti)高農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)市(shi)(shi)民化質量,消除城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)吸納外(wai)來(lai)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)障礙,促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)已(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)盡可能定居下來(lai)、目(mu)前還在農村的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)能夠(gou)向(xiang)(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)轉移(yi)。第(di)一(yi)(yi),應(ying)把(ba)市(shi)(shi)民化的(de)(de)(de)著力(li)點轉向(xiang)(xiang)提(ti)高農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)獲得(de)感和(he)安全(quan)(quan)感。以放寬落戶限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為核心的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)戶籍(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)改革已(yi)取(qu)(qu)得(de)長足(zu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)展,目(mu)前除超大特(te)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)外(wai),省內進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)落戶、從(cong)(cong)高考錄取(qu)(qu)分(fen)數線較(jiao)低省份(fen)往分(fen)數線較(jiao)高省份(fen)跨省落戶已(yi)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)沒有限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。下一(yi)(yi)步(bu),促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)市(shi)(shi)民化的(de)(de)(de)關鍵是要(yao)(yao)(yao)通過提(ti)高公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)覆(fu)蓋(gai)的(de)(de)(de)廣度(du)和(he)深(shen)度(du)來(lai)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)獲得(de)感和(he)安全(quan)(quan)感。應(ying)明(ming)確規定,今后出(chu)臺任(ren)何(he)公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)措(cuo)施都不得(de)與戶籍(ji)性(xing)(xing)質掛(gua)鉤(gou)(gou),對(dui)目(mu)前仍然掛(gua)鉤(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)事項進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行全(quan)(quan)面清理(li)(li)(li),按從(cong)(cong)易到難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則逐項進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行脫鉤(gou)(gou),最終還原(yuan)戶籍(ji)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)管理(li)(li)(li)功能,探索建(jian)(jian)立(li)全(quan)(quan)國統一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)管理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。特(te)別是要(yao)(yao)(yao)做好(hao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉之間社(she)會保障制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)銜接,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加保障性(xing)(xing)住(zhu)(zhu)房供給,降低進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)居住(zhu)(zhu)成本(ben)(ben),提(ti)高隨遷子女入學的(de)(de)(de)便利(li)性(xing)(xing),促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會融合(he)。第(di)二(er),建(jian)(jian)立(li)健全(quan)(quan)“人(ren)(ren)多地(di)多、人(ren)(ren)多錢多”的(de)(de)(de)激勵機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。把(ba)握人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)流動客(ke)觀規律(lv),從(cong)(cong)不同(tong)地(di)區城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)減已(yi)經明(ming)顯(xian)分(fen)化、未來(lai)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)長潛力(li)存在差異的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)出(chu)發,加快建(jian)(jian)立(li)新(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)建(jian)(jian)設用地(di)指(zhi)標配置(zhi)同(tong)常住(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加協調機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強土(tu)地(di)要(yao)(yao)(yao)素對(dui)優勢地(di)區以人(ren)(ren)為本(ben)(ben)新(xin)型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化的(de)(de)(de)保障能力(li)。擴大中(zhong)央(yang)財(cai)政對(dui)農業轉移(yi)人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)市(shi)(shi)民化的(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)勵資金規模(mo),推(tui)動義務(wu)教育等公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)隨人(ren)(ren)走,促進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉、區域人(ren)(ren)口(kou)(kou)(kou)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)集聚、有序流動。深(shen)化財(cai)稅(shui)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加地(di)方(fang)自主財(cai)力(li),拓展地(di)方(fang)稅(shui)源,形成“人(ren)(ren)多稅(shui)多—稅(shui)多公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)好(hao)—公(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)好(hao)人(ren)(ren)多”的(de)(de)(de)良性(xing)(xing)循(xun)環。

另一(yi)方面,需(xu)要(yao)著力(li)完善城(cheng)(cheng)市人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)參(can)與(yu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)體(ti)制機制。在參(can)加2023年全國兩會(hui)江(jiang)蘇團審議時,習近平(ping)總書記(ji)強調,“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing),需(xu)要(yao)大量的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)、勞動(dong)(dong)力(li)”“知識、優(you)質勞動(dong)(dong)力(li)怎么(me)到農村(cun)(cun)去,國家(jia)和(he)(he)各(ge)級政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府要(yao)有(you)一(yi)些政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)和(he)(he)導向支(zhi)持”。從農村(cun)(cun)重(zhong)大改革推進情況和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)實踐看(kan),貫徹(che)落實習近平(ping)總書記(ji)重(zhong)要(yao)指示精神,推動(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)融合發展、為(wei)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)注入活(huo)力(li),需(xu)要(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)勵(li)和(he)(he)引導城(cheng)(cheng)市各(ge)類(lei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)參(can)與(yu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)。特(te)別是要(yao)深入貫徹(che)《中華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)促進法》第二十(shi)八條(tiao)第三款(kuan)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府和(he)(he)村(cun)(cun)民委員會(hui)、農村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)組(zu)織應當為(wei)返鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)入鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員和(he)(he)各(ge)類(lei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)提供必要(yao)的生(sheng)產生(sheng)活(huo)服務”“農村(cun)(cun)集體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)組(zu)織可以根據實際情況提供相關的福利待遇”的規定,鼓(gu)(gu)勵(li)各(ge)地因地制宜出臺實施辦法,創造條(tiao)件有(you)序(xu)滿足部分城(cheng)(cheng)市居民到農村(cun)(cun)居住生(sheng)活(huo)的需(xu)求。

(二(er))完善城鄉土(tu)地雙(shuang)向流動體制(zhi)機制(zhi)

一方(fang)面,完(wan)善(shan)物理(li)形態的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)要(yao)素從(cong)農(nong)村流向城(cheng)(cheng)鎮體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)。我(wo)國大(da)規(gui)(gui)模土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)已持續較長時(shi)期,開始(shi)轉(zhuan)入(ru)更加(jia)注重城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)更新(xin)改造的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)高質量(liang)(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)階段,未來(lai)難以再現過去(qu)那種(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮邊(bian)界快速(su)外擴的(de)(de)(de)局面。盡管如此,我(wo)國邊(bian)界外擴型的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮化(hua)并(bing)未結束,特別(bie)是人(ren)口仍(reng)在(zai)凈(jing)增(zeng)長和產業發(fa)展(zhan)潛力(li)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮對(dui)新(xin)增(zeng)建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)依(yi)然(ran)強勁(jing)。保(bao)障(zhang)合理(li)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)需求(qiu),需要(yao)完(wan)善(shan)三方(fang)面體制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi):第一,完(wan)善(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)征收機制(zhi)(zhi)。重點完(wan)善(shan)公共利(li)益(yi)認(ren)定爭議(yi)解決(jue)機制(zhi)(zhi),建(jian)立公共利(li)益(yi)聽證制(zhi)(zhi)度,充分(fen)保(bao)障(zhang)被征地(di)(di)(di)農(nong)民(min)知情(qing)權(quan)、參與權(quan)和意(yi)見表達權(quan),用(yong)程(cheng)序公正保(bao)證公共利(li)益(yi)認(ren)定結果的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)。第二,完(wan)善(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)增(zeng)減(jian)(jian)掛(gua)鉤(gou)機制(zhi)(zhi)。優先安排國土(tu)(tu)(tu)空間(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)確定的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮開發(fa)邊(bian)界外鄉村地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)節余指標入(ru)市(shi)交易。探索村村掛(gua)鉤(gou)、城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)掛(gua)鉤(gou)辦法,促(cu)進(jin)人(ren)口減(jian)(jian)少村和城(cheng)(cheng)鎮的(de)(de)(de)存量(liang)(liang)建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)向發(fa)展(zhan)潛力(li)和用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)需求(qiu)量(liang)(liang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區配置。第三,完(wan)善(shan)農(nong)村集體經營性(xing)建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)入(ru)市(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)度。在(zai)符合國土(tu)(tu)(tu)空間(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)前提下,將退出或閑置農(nong)村宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)、廢棄(qi)的(de)(de)(de)公益(yi)性(xing)公共設(she)施建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)等(deng)存量(liang)(liang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)以及新(xin)增(zeng)集體建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)納(na)入(ru)入(ru)市(shi)范圍(wei),促(cu)進(jin)農(nong)村土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)集約利(li)用(yong)。

另一(yi)(yi)方面,完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)價(jia)值(zhi)形態的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)從城鎮(zhen)流向農(nong)村(cun)(cun)體(ti)(ti)制機(ji)(ji)制。盡(jin)管(guan)農(nong)民和農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)經濟組織在土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)分享比(bi)例(li)已有(you)(you)明(ming)顯提高,但仍有(you)(you)較大(da)改進空間。對(dui)城鎮(zhen)周邊農(nong)村(cun)(cun)而言,重(zhong)點完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)兩方面體(ti)(ti)制機(ji)(ji)制:一(yi)(yi)是(shi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)征(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)分配。在實(shi)(shi)現(xian)成(cheng)片(pian)(pian)開發項目財務平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下,明(ming)確(que)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)獲(huo)得留用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最低比(bi)例(li)或者相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)金補(bu)償(chang)、公(gong)共事業設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)比(bi)例(li)及(ji)(ji)資(zi)金來源、公(gong)開掛牌(pai)出售的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)比(bi)例(li)及(ji)(ji)所獲(huo)資(zi)金支出項目等關(guan)鍵內容,讓(rang)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)所有(you)(you)權(quan)人(ren)最大(da)限度分享土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)。完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)成(cheng)片(pian)(pian)開發以外(wai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)征(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)補(bu)償(chang)標(biao)準形成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)制,實(shi)(shi)現(xian)成(cheng)片(pian)(pian)開發和一(yi)(yi)般征(zheng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)之間集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)所有(you)(you)權(quan)人(ren)所獲(huo)補(bu)償(chang)大(da)體(ti)(ti)平(ping)衡。二是(shi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)經營(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)入(ru)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)分配。重(zhong)點是(shi)擴大(da)入(ru)市(shi)用(yong)(yong)途,讓(rang)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)經營(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)可以用(yong)(yong)于(yu)高增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)項目。盡(jin)快出臺農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)經營(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)(yong)權(quan)抵(di)押貸款管(guan)理辦法(fa),明(ming)確(que)估(gu)值(zhi)辦法(fa),界定(ding)抵(di)押權(quan)責,細化(hua)(hua)(hua)處置變現(xian)流程,促進農(nong)村(cun)(cun)集(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)經營(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)市(shi)場(chang)和金融市(shi)場(chang)銜接。對(dui)缺乏土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)而言,也(ye)需要完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)分享土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)增(zeng)(zeng)值(zhi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)益(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)制機(ji)(ji)制:一(yi)(yi)是(shi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)善(shan)城鄉建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)增(zeng)(zeng)減掛鉤節余指標(biao)價(jia)格(ge)形成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)制,把握好充分利用(yong)(yong)窗口期與合理控制指標(biao)交易規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。二是(shi)改進將土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)出讓(rang)收(shou)(shou)(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)比(bi)例(li)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)支持鄉村(cun)(cun)振興的(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)辦法(fa),加(jia)大(da)省際統籌力度。

(三)完善城鄉(xiang)資金雙向流動體制機制

重點(dian)是(shi)完善(shan)城市資(zi)金參(can)與鄉村(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興體制(zhi)機制(zhi)。在2023年(nian)全(quan)國兩會期間看(kan)望參(can)加(jia)政(zheng)協(xie)會議的(de)民(min)建工商聯(lian)界委員(yuan)時(shi),習近(jin)平總(zong)書記指(zhi)出:“資(zi)本下鄉,投(tou)(tou)資(zi)要投(tou)(tou)到(dao)點(dian)上。”為(wei)此,需要在投(tou)(tou)資(zi)領域、土地(di)利用、利益聯(lian)結等方面加(jia)強頂層設計、分(fen)類指(zhi)導。從近(jin)年(nian)來開(kai)展的(de)各(ge)類整治情(qing)況看(kan),尤其是(shi)要加(jia)強環(huan)保(bao)、國土空間用途(tu)管制(zhi)、國家農(nong)業農(nong)村(cun)(cun)政(zheng)策等宣傳(chuan),提高透明度和可預期性,避(bi)免(mian)因投(tou)(tou)資(zi)人的(de)認知(zhi)局限而觸碰(peng)底線(xian)、造成社會資(zi)源(yuan)浪費。加(jia)強農(nong)村(cun)(cun)法治建設和誠(cheng)信教育,改善(shan)鄉風(feng)民(min)俗(su),尊重和保(bao)護外來投(tou)(tou)資(zi)者的(de)合(he)法權益。引(yin)導工商資(zi)本建立(li)健全(quan)與農(nong)戶的(de)利益聯(lian)結機制(zhi),既不能“吃(chi)大戶”,又不能剝奪小農(nong)利益,促(cu)進資(zi)本與農(nong)民(min)共(gong)建共(gong)享。

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